目录号 | 产品详情 | 靶点 | |
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T83875 | |||
HUP-55是一种脯氨酸内肽酶的抑制剂(IC50 = 5 nM)。在10 µM的浓度下,它可减少Neuro2a细胞中α-突触核蛋白二聚体的形成,促使HEK293细胞发生自噬,并降低SH-SY5Y细胞中由过氧化氢诱导的反应性氧种(ROS)产量的增加。此外,HUP-55(10 mg/kg)在通过腺病毒递送α-突触核蛋白编码载体(AAV-αSyn)诱导的帕金森病小鼠模型中,能减少患侧爪的使用和纹状体中寡聚体α-突触核蛋白水平。 | |||
TN3741 | TNF ROS | ||
Cyclocurcumin, a curcumin derivative, exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating abilities and is a potential compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as predicted by the MM-PBSA method. It may have a therapeutic potential as | |||
T76022 | |||
Chemerin-9 (149-157) TFA 作为趋化因子样受体1 (CMKLR1) 的有效激动剂,展现出抗炎活性,并能促进Akt与ERK磷酸化及活性氧生成,进而改善Aβ1-42诱发的记忆障碍。此外,该化合物还参与调节免疫反应、脂肪细胞分化以及糖代谢。 | |||
T37469 | |||
Sitamaquine is an antileishmanial agent.1It is active againstL. donovani,L. infantum,L. mexicana,L. braziliensis, andL. tropica(EC50s = 9.5-19.8 μM). It inhibits mitochondrial complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), in a cell-free assay when used at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 μM.2Sitamaquine (100 μM) increases intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases intracellular ATP levels, as well as induces phosphatidylserine externalization, chromatin fragmentation, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, markers of apoptosis, inL. donovanipromastigotes. 1.López-Martín, C., Pérez-Victoria, J.M., Carvalho, L., et al.Sitamaquine sensitivity in Leishmania species is not mediated by drug accumulation in acidocalcisomesAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.52(11)4030-4036(2008) 2.Carvalho, L.J.M., Luque-Ortega, J.R., López-Martín, C., et al.The 8-aminoquinoline analogue sitamaquine causes oxidative stress in Leishmania donovani promastigotes by targeting succinate dehydrogenaseAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.55(9)4204-4210(2011) | |||
TN3614 | ERK BCL PARP IκB/IKK TNF NF-κB ROS Caspase | ||
Cearoin has anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic activities, it can markedly inhibit inflammatory responses including LPS-induced NO production by suppressing the expression of iNOS mRNA and LPS-induced mRNA expression of TNFα and CCL2. Cearoin induces aut | |||
TN2217 | Others Beta-Secretase BACE PDE AChR AChE | ||
Sophoflavescenol 是异戊烯基黄酮类化合物,能够抑制PDE5的活性,IC50=0.013 μM。它也抑制 RLAR,HRAR,BACE1,AChE 和 BChE,IC50值分别为 0.30 µM,0.17 µM,10.98 µM,8.37 µM 和 8.21 µM。 | |||
T36460 | |||
CAY10736 is an anticancer compound.1 It inhibits proliferation in a panel of melanoma and breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer cell lines (IC50s = 0.827-9.89 μM). CAY10736 inhibits migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A375 and B16/F10 melanoma cells in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. It reduces the viability of spheroid A375 and B16/F10 cells (IC50s = 2.4 and 1.59 μM, respectively) and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CAY10736 (5 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in B16/F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma mouse models and an A375 mouse xenograft model.References1. Liu, X., Li, B., Zhang, Z., et al. Synthesis and discovery novel anti-cancer stem cells compounds derived from the natural triterpenoic acids. J. Med. Chem. 61(23), 10814-10833 (2018). CAY10736 is an anticancer compound.1 It inhibits proliferation in a panel of melanoma and breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer cell lines (IC50s = 0.827-9.89 μM). CAY10736 inhibits migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A375 and B16/F10 melanoma cells in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. It reduces the viability of spheroid A375 and B16/F10 cells (IC50s = 2.4 and 1.59 μM, respectively) and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CAY10736 (5 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in B16/F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma mouse models and an A375 mouse xenograft model. References1. Liu, X., Li, B., Zhang, Z., et al. Synthesis and discovery novel anti-cancer stem cells compounds derived from the natural triterpenoic acids. J. Med. Chem. 61(23), 10814-10833 (2018). | |||
TN4394 | MMP BCL p38 MAPK NF-κB ROS DNA/RNA Synthesis CDK JNK | ||
Kobophenol A has antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, it might be a candidate for treatment of inflammatory bone diseases relevant to osteoblast cell death. Kobophenol A inhibits AChE activity in a dose-dependent manner, and the IC50 value is | |||
TN4774 | ERK BCL p38 MAPK NF-κB Androgen Receptor ROS JAK JNK STAT p53 Autophagy | ||
Physalin A exerts anti-tumor activity in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines by suppressing JAK/STAT3 signaling, it inhibits androgen-independent prostate cancer cell growth through activation of cell apoptosis and downregulation of androgen receptor ex | |||
T70186 | |||
Methazolamide-d6 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of methazolamide by GC- or LC-MS. Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It reduces intraocular pressure and cerebrospinal fluid flow in a rat model of glaucoma. Methazolamide reduces electroshock-induced seizures in rats with an ED50 value of 19.2 mg/kg. It also inhibits production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a primary cortical neuron (PCN) cellular model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and reduces cerebral edema in a mouse model of SAH.3 Methazolamide is larvicidal, with a 50% larvicidal concentration (LC50) value of 724 ppm, but has no activity when administered in the diet to adult A. aegypti. Formulations containing methazolamide have been used in the treatment of glaucoma. |
目录号 | 产品名/同用名 | 种属 | 表达系统 | ||
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TMPH-02106 | SH3PXD2A Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
Adapter protein involved in invadopodia and podosome formation, extracellular matrix degradation and invasiveness of some cancer cells. Binds matrix metalloproteinases (ADAMs), NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and phosphoinositides. Acts as an organizer protein that allows NOX1- or NOX3-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS localization. In association with ADAM12, mediates the neurotoxic effect of amyloid-beta peptide.
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TMPY-05001 | MPZL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
MPZL3 (Myelin Protein Zero Like 3) is a Protein Coding gene. The encoded protein belongs to the myelin P0 protein family. MPZL3 is broadly expressed in skin, esophagus, and other tissues. MPZL3 was essential for normal differentiation, acting downstream of p63, ZNF750, KLF4, and RCOR1, each of which bound near the MPZL3 gene and controlled its expression. MPZL3 protein localized to mitochondria, where it interacted with FDXR, which was itself also found to be essential for differentiation. Together, MPZL3 and FDXR increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) to drive epidermal differentiation. ROS-induced differentiation is dependent upon the promotion of FDXR enzymatic activity by MPZL3. ROS induction by the MPZL3 and FDXR mitochondrial proteins is therefore essential for epidermal differentiation.
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TMPH-02875 | ROMO1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage.; Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation.
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TMPH-02681 | GPX7 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
It protects esophageal epithelia from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. It suppresses acidic bile acid-induced reactive oxigen species (ROS) and protects against oxidative DNA damage and double-strand breaks. GPX7 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.7 kDa and the accession number is Q99LJ6.
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TMPH-02104 | Sestrin-3/SESN3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
May function as an intracellular leucine sensor that negatively regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway. May also regulate the insulin-receptor signaling pathway through activation of TORC2. This metabolic regulator may also play a role in protection against oxidative and genotoxic stresses. May prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the alkylhydroperoxide reductase activity born by the N-terminal domain of the protein.
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TMPH-00099 | NDK1 Protein, Arabidopsis thaliana, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Arabidopsis thaliana | P. pastoris (Yeast) | ||
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Plays a role in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. NDK1 Protein, Arabidopsis thaliana, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in yeast with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.5 kDa and the accession number is P39207.
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TMPH-02658 | FPR1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (GST & His & Myc) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
High affinity receptor for N-formyl-methionyl peptides (fMLP), which are powerful neutrophil chemotactic factors. Binding of fMLP to the receptor stimulates intracellular calcium mobilization and superoxide anion release. This response is mediated via a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Receptor for TAFA4, mediates its effects on chemoattracting macrophages, promoting phagocytosis and increasing ROS release. FPR1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (GST & His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-GST and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.7 kDa and the accession number is P33766.
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TMPH-01346 | FPR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST & His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
High affinity receptor for N-formyl-methionyl peptides (fMLP), which are powerful neutrophil chemotactic factors. Binding of fMLP to the receptor stimulates intracellular calcium mobilization and superoxide anion release. This response is mediated via a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Receptor for TAFA4, mediates its effects on chemoattracting macrophages, promoting phagocytosis and increasing ROS release. FPR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST & His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-GST and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.9 kDa and the accession number is P21462.
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TMPY-02271 | TRXR1/TXNRD1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 161-647, His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) which is a selenocysteine-containing protein is overexpressed in many malignancies. TXNRD1 plays a key role in regulating cell growth and transformation, and protects cells against oxidative damage. We investigated the association between TXNRD1 polymorphisms and ATDH susceptibility. Moreover, TXNRD1 is an essential selenium-containing enzyme involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox signaling. And genetic variations in TXNRD1 favor the development of Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which is the most common adverse drug reaction.
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TMPJ-00933 | PRDX5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Peroxisomes are essential organelles that participate in multiple important metabolic processes, including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, plasmalogen synthesis, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peroxiredoxins is overexpressed in breast cancer tissues to a great extent suggesting that they has a proliferative effect and may be related to cancer development or progression. Peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) is a thioredoxin peroxidase that belongs to the atypical 2-Cys class of the TSA/ahpC family of peroxiredoxins. PRDX5 is a widely expressed mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. In human cells, this enzyme is present in the cytosol, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and nucleus.
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TMPH-02585 | ACOD1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mouse | Baculovirus Insect Cells | ||
Cis-aconitate decarboxylase that catalyzes production of itaconate and is involved in the inhibition of the inflammatory response. Acts as a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated inflammatory innate response by stimulating the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein TNFAIP3 expression via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-tolerized macrophages. Involved in antimicrobial response of innate immune cells; ACOD1-mediated itaconic acid production contributes to the antimicrobial activity of macrophages. Involved in antiviral response following infection by flavivirus in neurons: ACOD1-mediated itaconate production inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, generating a metabolic state in neurons that suppresses replication of viral genomes. Plays a role in the embryo implantation.
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TMPJ-01274 | ERO1L Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
ERO1-Like Protein α (ERO1L) is an enzyme that belongs to the EROs family. ERO1L is expressed at high level in esophagus and upper digestive tract. ERO1L is an essential oxidoreductase that oxidizes proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum to produce disulfide bonds. ERO1L acts by oxidizing directly P4HB/PDI isomerase through a direct disulfide exchange. It associates with ERP44, demonstrating that it does not oxidize all PDI related proteins and can discriminate between PDI and related proteins. Its reoxidation probably involves electron transfer to molecular oxygen via FAD. ERO1L may be responsible for a significant proportion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. ERO1L responses to temperature stimulus, protein thiol-disulfide exchange, protein folding with or without chaperone cofactor and transport.
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TMPH-02264 | TNFSF11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF11B/OPG and to TNFRSF11A/RANK. Osteoclast differentiation and activation factor. Augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive T-cell proliferation. May be an important regulator of interactions between T-cells and dendritic cells and may play a role in the regulation of the T-cell-dependent immune response. May also play an important role in enhanced bone-resorption in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Induces osteoclastogenesis by activating multiple signaling pathways in osteoclast precursor cells, chief among which is induction of long lasting oscillations in the intracellular concentration of Ca (2+) resulting in the activation of NFATC1, which translocates to the nucleus and induces osteoclast-specific gene transcription to allow differentiation of osteoclasts. During osteoclast differentiation, in a TMEM64 and ATP2A2-dependent manner induces activation of CREB1 and mitochondrial ROS generation necessary for proper osteoclast generation.
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TMPY-02391 | SUMO1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Small ubiquitin-like modifier protein (SUMO) modification is a highly dynamic process, catalyzed by SUMO-specific activating (E1), conjugating (E2) and ligating (E3) enzymes, and reversed by a family of SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) is a member of the superfamily of ubiquitin-like proteins. Despite its structural similarity with ubiquitin, SUMO1 does not seem to play any role in protein degradation. SUMO1 plays an important role in modulation of NOX activity required for ROS generation. SUMO1 haploinsufficiency results in cleft lip and palate in animal models. SUMO1 gene variation in human non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) development. SUMO-1 may be useful as a novel target for therapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as a clinical indicator for tumor recurrence together with Mdm2.
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TMPY-02084 | Thioredoxin 2/TRX2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Thioredoxin-2, also known as TXN2, MTRX and TRX2, is a member of the thioredoxin family. Tryparedoxins (TXN) are thioredoxin-related proteins which, as trypanothione:peroxiredoxin oxidoreductases, constitute the trypanothione-dependent antioxidant defense and may also serve as substrates for ribonucleotide reductase in trypanosomatids. Thioredoxin-2 / TXN2 contains one thioredoxin domain. It is widely expressed in adult (at protein level) and fetal tissues. Human Thioredoxin-2 / TXN2 is a small redox protein important in cellular antioxidant defenses, as well as in the regulation of apoptosis. Thioredoxin-2 / TXN2 has an anti-apoptotic function and plays an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Thioredoxin-2 / TXN2 could be involved in the resistance to anti-tumor agents. It possesses a dithiol-reducing activity. Thioredoxin-2 / TXN2 plays an important role in protecting the mitochondria against oxidative stress and in sensitizing the cells to ROS-induced apoptosis. Mammalian Thioredoxin-2 / TXN2 is a mitochondrial isoform of highly evolutionary conserved thioredoxins. Thioredoxins are small ubiquitous protein-disulfide oxidoreductases implicated in a large variety of biological functions.
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TMPY-01770 | HAO1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Hydroxyacid oxidase 1, also known as Glycolate oxidase, HAO1, and GOX1, is a member of the FMN-dependent alpha-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase family. HAO1 / GOX1 has 2-hydroxyacid oxidase activity. It is most active on the 2-carbon substrate glycolate, but is also active on 2-hydroxy fatty acids, with high activity towards 2-hydroxy palmitate and 2-hydroxy octanoate. HAO1 / GOX1 is a liver-specific peroxisomal enzyme that oxidizes glycolate to glyoxylate with the concomitant production of H2O2. In Hao1 messenger RNA (mRNA), an iron-responsive element (IRE) homologous to the sequence recognized by iron regulatory proteins (IRP), key regulators of iron homeostasis, is present. Mammalian HAO1 / GOX1 is a peroxisomal protein and that the C-terminal sequence SKI acts as the targeting signal. Down-regulation of HAO1 / GOX1 expression during oxidative stress may provide a mechanism to prevent excessive H2O2 formation in liver peroxisomes and may represent the prototype of a poorly recognized but potentially relevant response to an oxidative injury involving down-regulation of ROS-producing enzymes.
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TMPY-04813 | ACAT2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) | Rat | E. coli | ||
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular enzyme that produces cholesteryl esters in various tissues. In mammals, two ACAT genes (ACAT1 and ACAT2) have been identified. Together, these two enzymes are involved in storing cholesteryl esters as lipid droplets, in macrophage foam-cell formation, in absorbing dietary cholesterol, and in supplying cholesteryl esters as part of the core lipid for lipoprotein synthesis and assembly. The key difference in tissue distribution of ACAT1 and ACAT2 between humans, mice and monkeys is that, in adult human liver (including hepatocytes and bile duct cells), the major enzyme is ACAT1, rather than ACAT2. There is compelling evidence implicating a role for ACAT1 in macrophage foam-cell formation, and for ACAT2 in intestinal cholesterol absorption.Ubiquitin linkage to cysteine is an unconventional modification targeting protein for degradation. However, the physiological regulation of cysteine ubiquitylation is still mysterious. Here we found that ACAT2, a cellular enzyme converting cholesterol and fatty acid to cholesteryl esters, was ubiquitylated on Cys277 for degradation when the lipid level was low. gp78-Insigs catalysed Lys48-linked polyubiquitylation on this Cys277. A high concentration of cholesterol and fatty acid, however, induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that oxidized Cys277, resulting in ACAT2 stabilization and subsequently elevated cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, ACAT2 knockout mice were more susceptible to high-fat diet-associated insulin resistance. By contrast, expression of a constitutively stable form of ACAT2 (C277A) resulted in higher insulin sensitivity. ACAT2 is an appealing target for therapy to reduce coronary heart disease.
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TMPH-01263 | PRKN Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Human | E. coli | ||
Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. Substrates include SYT11 and VDAC1. Other substrates are BCL2, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746, MIRO1 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, by acting downstream of PINK1 to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components. Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Activation and recruitment onto the outer membrane of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria (OMM) requires PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of both PRKN and ubiquitin. After mitochondrial damage, functions with PINK1 to mediate the decision between mitophagy or preventing apoptosis by inducing either the poly- or monoubiquitination of VDAC1, respectively; polyubiquitination of VDAC1 promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination of VDAC1 decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis. When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1 and USP30. Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to mitophagy. The PINK1-PRKN pathway also promotes fission of damaged mitochondria by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation which promotes the PRKN-dependent degradation of mitochondrial proteins involved in fission such as MFN2. This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the mitochondrial network or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes. Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MIRO1 and MIRO2; in motor neurons, this likely inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria undergoing mitophagy in the soma. Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of transcriptional repressor ZNF746/PARIS which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor PPARGC1A. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress. Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.
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TMPH-02631 | PRKN Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (GST) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. Substrates include SYT11 and VDAC1. Other substrates are BCL2, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746, MIRO1 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, by acting downstream of PINK1 to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components. Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Activation and recruitment onto the outer membrane of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria (OMM) requires PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of both PRKN and ubiquitin. After mitochondrial damage, functions with PINK1 to mediate the decision between mitophagy or preventing apoptosis by inducing either the poly- or monoubiquitination of VDAC1, respectively; polyubiquitination of VDAC1 promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination of VDAC1 decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis. When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1 and USP30. Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to mitophagy. The PINK1-PRKN pathway also promotes fission of damaged mitochondria by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation which promotes the PRKN-dependent degradation of mitochondrial proteins involved in fission such as MFN2. This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the mitochondrial network or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes. Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MIRO1 and MIRO2; in motor neurons, this likely inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria undergoing mitophagy in the soma. Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of transcriptional repressor ZNF746/PARIS which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor PPARGC1A. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress. Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.
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