目录号 | 产品详情 | 靶点 | |
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T36489 | |||
Malformin A is a cyclopentapeptide fungal metabolite that has been found in A. niger and has diverse biological activities. It is a plant growth regulator that induces malformations in plant structure. Malformin A inhibits replication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in local lesion and leaf-disc assays (IC50s = 19.7 and 45.4 μg/ml, respectively). It is cytotoxic to NCI-H460, MIA PaCa-2, MCF-7, SF-268, and WI-38 cancer cells (IC50s = 70, 50, 100, 70, and 100 nM, respectively), inhibits proliferation of PC3 and LNCaP cells (IC50s = 130 and 90 nM, respectively), and induces apoptosis and necrosis in PC3 and LNCaP cells. Malformin A also increases the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces autophagy in PC3 and LNCaP cells. It is toxic to mice when administered intraperitoneally (LD50 = 3.1 mg/kg) but not orally up to doses of 50 mg/kg. | |||
T36713 | |||
Streptochlorin is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from Streptomyces sp. SF2583 that has diverse biological activities, including antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and anti-allergic properties. It inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity and decreases proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μM. Streptochlorin (12 μg/ml) decreases viability of, as well as induces apoptosis and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in, Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It does not induce cytotoxicity in RBL-2H3 mast cells at concentrations up to 100 μM. Streptochlorin prevents degranulation in antigen-stimulated mast cells, as well as inhibits Syk kinase and the Src family kinases LYN and Fyn and reduces the secretion of TNF-α and IL-4 induced by dinitrophenyl-human serum album (DNP-HSA) in RBL-2H3 mast cells. It also decreases swelling and reduces scratching behavior in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). | |||
T36448 | |||
(E)-Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 10-250 and 150->500 μg/ml, respectively) and fungi (MICs = 15-50 μg/ml).1(E)-Ajoene inhibits proliferation of a variety of cancer cells, including MDA-MB-231 breast, HeLa cervical, and WHCO1 esophageal cancer cells (IC50s = 18.6, 61, and 39.2 μM, respectively).2It also inhibits human glutathione reductase andT. cruzitrypanothione reductase when used at a concentration of 200 μM.3(E)-Ajoene (25 mg/kg) is neuroprotective in a gerbil model of ischemia-reperfusion injury, reducing reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis in the hippocampal CA1 region.4 1.Yoshida, H., Iwata, N., Katsuzaki, H., et al.Antimicrobial activity of a compound isolated from an oil-macerated garlic extractBiosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.62(5)1014-1017(1998) 2.Kaschula, C.H., Hunter, R., Hassan, H.T., et al.Anti-proliferation activity of synthetic ajoene analogues on cancer cell-linesAnticancer Agents Med. Chem.11(3)260-266(2011) 3.Gallwitz, H., Bonse, S., Martinez-Cruz, A., et al.Ajoene is an inhibitor and subversive substrate of human glutathione reductase and Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase: Crystallographic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studiesJ. Med. Chem.42(3)364-372(1999) 4.Yoo, D.Y., Kim, W., Nam, S.M., et al.Neuroprotective effects of Z-ajoene, an organosulfur compound derived from oil-macerated garlic, in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemiaFood Chem. Toxicol.721-7(2014) | |||
T83875 | |||
HUP-55是一种脯氨酸内肽酶的抑制剂(IC50 = 5 nM)。在10 µM的浓度下,它可减少Neuro2a细胞中α-突触核蛋白二聚体的形成,促使HEK293细胞发生自噬,并降低SH-SY5Y细胞中由过氧化氢诱导的反应性氧种(ROS)产量的增加。此外,HUP-55(10 mg/kg)在通过腺病毒递送α-突触核蛋白编码载体(AAV-αSyn)诱导的帕金森病小鼠模型中,能减少患侧爪的使用和纹状体中寡聚体α-突触核蛋白水平。 | |||
T36057 | |||
Diallyl tetrasulfide is an organosulfur compound that has been found in A. sativum and has diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.[1],[2],[3],[4] It is active against the bacteria S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; MICs = 0.5 and 2 mg/L, respectively), as well as the fungi C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, A. niger, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus (MICs = 0.5, 4, 2, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L, respectively).[1] It reduces cadmium-induced increases in hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increases cadmium-induced decreases in the hepatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase, GST, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in rats when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg.[2] Diallyl tetrasulfide is cytotoxic to MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50 = 92 μM) and reduces tumor growth in a BGC-823 mouse xenograft model when administered at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg for 32 days.[3],[4] | |||
T37911 | |||
Resveratrol is a potent phenolic antioxidant found in grapes, red wine, and various berries that also has antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity. cis-Resveratrol is the double bond isomer of trans-resveratrol, the more often studied and naturally abundant of the two resveratrol isomers. cis-Resveratrol exhibits antioxidant activity in the µM range similar to that observed with trans-resveratrol. It blocks production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase and also inhibits production of nitric oxide. At a concentration of 100 µM, cis-resveratrol significantly inhibits the expression of genes related to the Rel/NF-κB/IκB family, adhesion molecules, and acute-phase proteins in LPS and INF-γ-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. cis-Resveratrol inhibits uptake of noradrenaline and 5-HT by synaptosomes from rat brain with IC50 values of 79 and 51 µM, respectively. It also inhibits human monoamine oxidase-A (MOA-A) and MOA-B with IC50 values of 25 and 61 µM, respectively, which is similar to, but slightly less effective than, values obtained with trans-resveratrol. | |||
T72763 | |||
AChE/BuChE-IN-1,一种白杨素衍生物,具备对丁酰胆碱酯酶(BuChE)的选择性抑制作用,其IC50值为0.48μM。对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的抑制IC50值为7.16μM。该化合物强效清除·OH,IC50仅为0.1674μM,能够抑制活性氧(ROS)、阻止Aβ1-42的聚集(自发、Cu2+诱导及AChE诱导)。AChE/BuChE-IN-1展现出高血脑屏障(BBB)渗透性、优良的生物利用度和低细胞毒性,是阿尔茨海默病(AD)研究领域的有力候选。 | |||
T83664 | |||
Europium W1024 isothiocyanate (ITC) 是一种基于镧系元素的荧光团,具有长发射寿命和大的斯托克斯位移。其激发/发射峰值分别为340/613 nm。Europium W1024 ITC含有一个反应性的异硫氰酸酯基团,能在碱性pH条件下与初级氨基发生反应。在高温、高EDTA浓度或低pH环境下稳定,但在锰的存在下不稳定。Europium W1024 ITC通常被连接到各种分子上,并作为TR-FRET中的供体荧光团使用,其长发射寿命为受体荧光的测量提供了更长的时间窗口,减少了自发荧光的干扰。 | |||
T83915 | |||
Norbixin是一种在B. orellana中发现的类胡萝卜素,具有多样的生物活性。在无细胞测试中,它与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (PPARγ)结合(Ki = 1.15 µM)。在心脑血管代谢综合征大鼠模型中,Norbixin (47.7 mg/kg) 能够减轻高血糖、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抗性,降低血清脂质水平及心脏中硫代巴比妥酸反应性物质(TBARS)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的水平。在胆固醇诱导的动脉粥样硬化兔模型中,它降低氧化型LDL和主动脉蛋白氧化水平,并减少动脉粥样硬化面积。Norbixin(每天0.1和1 mg/kg)减少汞诱导的大鼠肝细胞和白细胞DNA损伤。此外,它还能预防与年龄相关的黄斑变性(AMD)Abca4-/- Rdh8-/-小鼠模型中的光感受器退化。 | |||
T83721 | |||
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA)作为一种全氟烷基醚羧酸(PFECA),于HepG2细胞中以250 µM的浓度使用时,可诱导凋亡并增加活性氧种类(ROS)的水平。HFPO-DA以每个蛋4 mg/kg的剂量,会减少孵化鸡右心室壁厚度,增加心率,并诱导肝脏脂肪积累,这些效应可通过敲除过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(Ppara)基因编码实现预防。它减少了斑马鱼胚胎的存活百分比(LC50 = 7,651 mg/L)。在孕妇大鼠给药下,HFPO-DA(250 mg/kg)降低了新生大鼠的平均出生体重、存活时间和血清葡萄糖水平,并增加了血清胆固醇和甘油三酯水平。它已经被发现污染海水和河水。 |
目录号 | 产品名/同用名 | 种属 | 表达系统 | ||
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TMPY-03363 | C-Reactive Protein Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
C-Reactive Protein Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 23 kDa and the accession number is P02741-1.
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TMPY-02047 | C-Reactive Protein Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) | Rat | HEK293 Cells | ||
C-Reactive Protein Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.6 kDa and the accession number is H6X2V1.
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TMPK-00114 | C-Reactive Protein /CRP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a polypeptide molecule belonging to the family of pentraxins. CRP is synthesized primarily by the liver in response to certain pro-inflammatory cytokines. It plays an important role in innate immunity, opsonization by its properties, complement activation and immunoglobulins receptor binding. CRP is a protein of the acute systemic inflammation and is, therefore, a prime marker of inflammation.The CRP is quantified by immunonephelometry or immunoturbidimetry. C-Reactive Protein /CRP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.1 kDa and the accession number is P02741-1.
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TMPY-05336 | C-Reactive Protein Protein, Human, Recombinant, Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
C-Reactive Protein Protein, Human, Recombinant, Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 23 kDa and the accession number is P02741-1.
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TMPY-06937 | C-Reactive Protein Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
C-Reactive Protein Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His and Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.3 kDa and the accession number is P02741-1.
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TMPK-01333 | C-Reactive Protein /CRP Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) | Cynomolgus | HEK293 Cells | ||
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a polypeptide molecule belonging to the family of pentraxins. CRP is synthesized primarily by the liver in response to certain pro-inflammatory cytokines. It plays an important role in innate immunity, opsonization by its properties, complement activation and immunoglobulins receptor binding. CRP is a protein of the acute systemic inflammation and is, therefore, a prime marker of inflammation.The CRP is quantified by immunonephelometry or immunoturbidimetry. C-Reactive Protein /CRP Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.33 kDa and the accession number is XP_045255377.1.
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TMPY-01581 | C-Reactive Protein Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 Cells | ||
C-Reactive Protein Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.4 kDa and the accession number is P14847.
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TMPJ-00495 | ISG15 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Ubiquitin-Like Protein ISG15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein that becomes conjugated to many cellular proteins upon activation by interferon-alpha and -beta. Several functions have been ascribed to the encoded protein, including chemotactic activity towards neutrophils, direction of ligated target proteins to intermediate filaments, cell-to-cell signaling, and antiviral activity during viral infections. While conjugates of this protein have been found to be noncovalently attached to intermediate filaments, this protein is sometimes secreted. ISG15 becomes conjugated to a diverse set of proteins after IFN-alpha/beta stimulation or microbial challenge. The functions or biochemical consequences ISG15 conjugation to proteins are not yet known, but it appears that this modification does not target proteins for proteasomal degradation. ISG15 shows specific chemotactic activity towards neutrophils and activates them to induce release of eosinophil chemotactic factors. Upon interferon treatment, ISG15 can be detected in both free and conjugated forms, and is secreted from monocytes and lymphocytes where it can function as a cytokine. In the cell, ISG15 co-localizes with intermediate filaments and ISGylation may modulate the JAK-STAT pathway or certain aspects of neurological disease.
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TMPJ-00155 | Mucin-1/MUC1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc&Avi), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Mucin-1, is a membrane-bound protein that is a member of the mucin family. Mucins are O-glycosylated proteins that play an essential role in forming protective mucous barriers on epithelial surfaces. These proteins also play a role in intracellular signaling. This protein is expressed on the apical surface of epithelial cells that line the mucosal surfaces of many different tissues including lung, breast stomach and pancreas. MUC-1 exclusively located in the apical domain of the plasma membrane of highly polarized epithelial cells. MUC-1 can act both as an adhesion and an anti-adhesion protein. This protein may provide a protective layer on epithelial cells against bacterial and enzyme attack. MUC-1 participated in modulates signaling in ERK, SRC and NF-kappa-B pathways. In activated T-cells, MUC-1 influences directly or indirectly the Ras/MAPK pathway. MUC-1 promotes tumor progression and regulates TP53-mediated transcription and determines cell fate in the genotoxic stress response.
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TMPJ-00506 | PSG5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 5, is a secreted protein which belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, CEA family. It contains 2 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain.
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TMPK-01412 | HLA-B*15:01&B2M&SARS-CoV-2 epitope (NQKLIANQF) Monomer Protein, Human, MHC (His & Avi) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
HLA-B*15:01 is strongly associated with asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is likely to be involved in the mechanism underlying early viral clearance. T cells from pre-pandemic individuals carrying HLA-B*15:01 were reactive to the immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 S-derived peptide NQKLIANQF, and 100% of the reactive cells displayed memory phenotype.
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TMPK-01416 | HLA-B*15:01&B2M&SARS-CoV-2 epitope (NQKLIANQF) Monomer Protein, Human, MHC (His & Avi), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
HLA-B*15:01 is strongly associated with asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is likely to be involved in the mechanism underlying early viral clearance. T cells from pre-pandemic individuals carrying HLA-B*15:01 were reactive to the immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 S-derived peptide NQKLIANQF, and 100% of the reactive cells displayed memory phenotype.
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TMPY-02044 | SOD2 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Superoxide dismutases (SOD) are important anti-oxidant enzymes that guard against superoxide toxicity. In humans, as in all mammals and most chordates, three forms of superoxide dismutase (SOD) are present: SOD1 is located in the cytoplasm, SOD2 in the mitochondria, and SOD3 is extracellular. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase [SOD; manganese SOD (MnSOD) or SOD2] neutralizes highly reactive superoxide radical (O•-2), the first member in the plethora of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species.
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TMPH-02198 | TXNRD2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Human | E. coli | ||
Involved in the control of reactive oxygen species levels and the regulation of mitochondrial redox homeostasis. Maintains thioredoxin in a reduced state. May play a role in redox-regulated cell signaling.
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TMPY-02425 | Serpin B4, Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Baculovirus Insect Cells | ||
Overexpression of SERPINB4 in tumor cells inhibited recombinant GrM-induced as well as NK cell-mediated cell death and this inhibition depended on the reactive center loop of the serpin.
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TMPH-01318 | SOD3 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Protect the extracellular space from toxic effect of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. SOD3 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 24.1 kDa and the accession number is P08294.
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TMPH-00448 | SVMP Protein, Crotalus adamanteus, Recombinant (His) | Crotalus adamanteus | E. coli | ||
Has no significant hemorrhagic activity, but inactivates serpins by limited proteolysis of their reactive-site loops. SVMP Protein, Crotalus adamanteus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.1 kDa and the accession number is P34179.
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TMPH-01317 | SOD3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Protect the extracellular space from toxic effect of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. SOD3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.1 kDa and the accession number is P08294.
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TMPH-02106 | SH3PXD2A Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
Adapter protein involved in invadopodia and podosome formation, extracellular matrix degradation and invasiveness of some cancer cells. Binds matrix metalloproteinases (ADAMs), NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and phosphoinositides. Acts as an organizer protein that allows NOX1- or NOX3-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS localization. In association with ADAM12, mediates the neurotoxic effect of amyloid-beta peptide.
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TMPH-01298 | EPHX1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Biotransformation enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arene and aliphatic epoxides to less reactive and more water soluble dihydrodiols by the trans addition of water. Plays a role in the metabolism of endogenous lipids such as epoxide-containing fatty acids. Metabolizes the abundant endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to free arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol.
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TMPH-02681 | GPX7 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
It protects esophageal epithelia from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. It suppresses acidic bile acid-induced reactive oxigen species (ROS) and protects against oxidative DNA damage and double-strand breaks. GPX7 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.7 kDa and the accession number is Q99LJ6.
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TMPH-02875 | ROMO1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Has antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria including S.aureus, P.aeruginosa and M.tuberculosis. Acts by inducing bacterial membrane breakage.; Induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are necessary for cell proliferation. May play a role in inducing oxidative DNA damage and replicative senescence. May play a role in the coordination of mitochondrial morphology and cell proliferation.
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TMPH-02104 | Sestrin-3/SESN3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
May function as an intracellular leucine sensor that negatively regulates the TORC1 signaling pathway. May also regulate the insulin-receptor signaling pathway through activation of TORC2. This metabolic regulator may also play a role in protection against oxidative and genotoxic stresses. May prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the alkylhydroperoxide reductase activity born by the N-terminal domain of the protein.
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TMPH-00099 | NDK1 Protein, Arabidopsis thaliana, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Arabidopsis thaliana | P. pastoris (Yeast) | ||
Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Plays a role in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. NDK1 Protein, Arabidopsis thaliana, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in yeast with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.5 kDa and the accession number is P39207.
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TMPK-00571 | OSMR Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) | Canine | HEK293 Cells | ||
OSMR is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix via the presequence translocase-associated motor complex components, mtHSP70 and TIM44. OSMR interacts with NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1/2 (NDUFS1/2) of complex I and promotes mitochondrial respiration. Deletion of OSMR impairs spare respiratory capacity, increases reactive oxygen species, and sensitizes BTSCs to IR-induced cell death. OSMR Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 81.73 kDa and the accession number is A0A8I3MI11.
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TMPK-00493 | OSMR Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) | Cynomolgus | HEK293 Cells | ||
OSMR is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix via the presequence translocase-associated motor complex components, mtHSP70 and TIM44. OSMR interacts with NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1/2 (NDUFS1/2) of complex I and promotes mitochondrial respiration. Deletion of OSMR impairs spare respiratory capacity, increases reactive oxygen species, and sensitizes BTSCs to IR-induced cell death. OSMR Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 82.04 kDa and the accession number is A0A2K5UFW5.
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TMPH-01597 | KYAT1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Human | E. coli | ||
Catalyzes the irreversible transamination of the L-tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenine to form kynurenic acid (KA), an intermediate in the tryptophan catabolic pathway which is also a broad spectrum antagonist of the three ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors among others. Also metabolizes the cysteine conjugates of certain halogenated alkenes and alkanes to form reactive metabolites. Catalyzes the beta-elimination of S-conjugates and Se-conjugates of L-(seleno)cysteine, resulting in the cleavage of the C-S or C-Se bond.
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TMPY-02271 | TRXR1/TXNRD1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 161-647, His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1) which is a selenocysteine-containing protein is overexpressed in many malignancies. TXNRD1 plays a key role in regulating cell growth and transformation, and protects cells against oxidative damage. We investigated the association between TXNRD1 polymorphisms and ATDH susceptibility. Moreover, TXNRD1 is an essential selenium-containing enzyme involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox signaling. And genetic variations in TXNRD1 favor the development of Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), which is the most common adverse drug reaction.
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TMPH-00035 | Polyphenol oxidase 2 Protein, Agaricus bisporus, Recombinant (His) | Agaricus bisporus | Baculovirus Insect Cells | ||
Copper-containing oxidase that catalyzes both the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and the subsequent oxidation of the resulting o-diphenols into reactive o-quinones, which evolve spontaneously to produce intermediates, which associate in dark brown pigments. Involved in the initial step of melanin synthesis. Melanins constitute a mechanism of defense and resistance to stress such as UV radiations, free radicals, gamma rays, dehydratation and extreme temperatures, and contribute to the fungal cell-wall resistance against hydrolytic enzymes in avoiding cellular lysis. Fungal pigments are also involved in the formation and stability of spores.
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TMPJ-00931 | Serpin A4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor, Clade A (α-1 Antiproteinase, Antitrypsin), Member 4 (Serpin A4) is a member of the Serpin family. Serpin A4 exists as a monomer and some homodimers. Serpin A4 is expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma. Serpin A4 is a regulator of vascular homeostasis capable of controlling a wide spectrum of biological actions in the cardiovascular and renal systems. It can inhibit intracellular reactive oxygen species formation in cultured cardiac and renal cells. In addition, Serpin A4 has anti-inflammatory effect. Heparin blocks kallistatin's complex formation with tissue kallikrein and abolishes its inhibitory effect on tissue kallikrein's activity.
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TMPJ-00753 | Myoglobin Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Myoglobin(MB) is a cytoplasmic protein expressed in myocytes of the heart and skeletal muscle that reversibly binds oxygen. It belongs to the globin family. Functions of myoglobin include oxygen storage and transport, as well as scavenging of NO and reactive oxygen species. MB serves as a reserve supply of oxygen and facilitates the movement of oxygen within muscles. Myoglobin also serves as a sensitive marker for muscle injury resulting from cardiac infarction. Surprisingly, mice in which myoglobin has been removed by gene targeting are able to perform extensive exercise and respond normally to hypoxic challenge.
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TMPJ-00933 | PRDX5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Peroxisomes are essential organelles that participate in multiple important metabolic processes, including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, plasmalogen synthesis, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peroxiredoxins is overexpressed in breast cancer tissues to a great extent suggesting that they has a proliferative effect and may be related to cancer development or progression. Peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) is a thioredoxin peroxidase that belongs to the atypical 2-Cys class of the TSA/ahpC family of peroxiredoxins. PRDX5 is a widely expressed mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. In human cells, this enzyme is present in the cytosol, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and nucleus.
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TMPH-02585 | ACOD1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mouse | Baculovirus Insect Cells | ||
Cis-aconitate decarboxylase that catalyzes production of itaconate and is involved in the inhibition of the inflammatory response. Acts as a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated inflammatory innate response by stimulating the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein TNFAIP3 expression via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-tolerized macrophages. Involved in antimicrobial response of innate immune cells; ACOD1-mediated itaconic acid production contributes to the antimicrobial activity of macrophages. Involved in antiviral response following infection by flavivirus in neurons: ACOD1-mediated itaconate production inhibits the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, generating a metabolic state in neurons that suppresses replication of viral genomes. Plays a role in the embryo implantation.
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TMPJ-00848 | NCF1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Neutrophil cytosol factor 1( NCF1) is a 47 kDa cytosolic subunit of neutrophil NADPH oxidase. This oxidase is characterized as a multicomponent enzyme which is activated to produce superoxide anion. NCF2, NCF1, and a membrane bound cytochrome b558 are required for the activation of the latent NADPH oxidase. The human NCF1 gene encodes a 390 amino acids protein without a signal peptide. The NCF1 gene interacts with other subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) and plays an important role in innate immunity, producing reactive oxygen species and reducing the severity and duration of parasitic infection and autoimmune disease. NCF1 also has a role in T cell activation.
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TMPY-05001 | MPZL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
MPZL3 (Myelin Protein Zero Like 3) is a Protein Coding gene. The encoded protein belongs to the myelin P0 protein family. MPZL3 is broadly expressed in skin, esophagus, and other tissues. MPZL3 was essential for normal differentiation, acting downstream of p63, ZNF750, KLF4, and RCOR1, each of which bound near the MPZL3 gene and controlled its expression. MPZL3 protein localized to mitochondria, where it interacted with FDXR, which was itself also found to be essential for differentiation. Together, MPZL3 and FDXR increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) to drive epidermal differentiation. ROS-induced differentiation is dependent upon the promotion of FDXR enzymatic activity by MPZL3. ROS induction by the MPZL3 and FDXR mitochondrial proteins is therefore essential for epidermal differentiation.
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TMPH-01213 | DNASE1L3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Baculovirus Insect Cells | ||
Has DNA hydrolytic activity. Is capable of both single- and double-stranded DNA cleavage, producing DNA fragments with 3'-OH ends. Can cleave chromatin to nucleosomal units and cleaves nucleosomal and liposome-coated DNA. Acts in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (INDF) during apoptosis and necrosis. The role in apoptosis includes myogenic and neuronal differentiation, and BCR-mediated clonal deletion of self-reactive B cells. Is active on chromatin in apoptotic cell-derived membrane-coated microparticles and thus suppresses anti-DNA autoimmunity. Together with DNASE1, plays a key role in degrading neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation. Degradation of intravascular NETs by DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 is required to prevent formation of clots that obstruct blood vessels and cause organ damage following inflammation.
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TMPJ-01274 | ERO1L Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
ERO1-Like Protein α (ERO1L) is an enzyme that belongs to the EROs family. ERO1L is expressed at high level in esophagus and upper digestive tract. ERO1L is an essential oxidoreductase that oxidizes proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum to produce disulfide bonds. ERO1L acts by oxidizing directly P4HB/PDI isomerase through a direct disulfide exchange. It associates with ERP44, demonstrating that it does not oxidize all PDI related proteins and can discriminate between PDI and related proteins. Its reoxidation probably involves electron transfer to molecular oxygen via FAD. ERO1L may be responsible for a significant proportion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. ERO1L responses to temperature stimulus, protein thiol-disulfide exchange, protein folding with or without chaperone cofactor and transport.
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TMPY-00055 | LCAT Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is the sole enzyme that esterifies cholesterol in plasma, thus determining the maturation of high-density lipoproteins. Because it maintains an unesterified cholesterol gradient between peripheral cells and extracellular acceptors, for a long time, LCAT has been considered as a key enzyme in reverse cholesterol transport. Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plays a pivotal role in HDL metabolism.LCAT is intimately involved in HDL maturation and is a key component of the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway which removes excess cholesterol molecules from the peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion. LCAT may also modify oxidative and inflammatory processes, as supported by an inverse relationship with HDL antioxidative functionality and a positive relationship with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP).
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TMPH-01212 | DNASE1L3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
Has DNA hydrolytic activity. Is capable of both single- and double-stranded DNA cleavage, producing DNA fragments with 3'-OH ends. Can cleave chromatin to nucleosomal units and cleaves nucleosomal and liposome-coated DNA. Acts in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (INDF) during apoptosis and necrosis. The role in apoptosis includes myogenic and neuronal differentiation, and BCR-mediated clonal deletion of self-reactive B cells. Is active on chromatin in apoptotic cell-derived membrane-coated microparticles and thus suppresses anti-DNA autoimmunity. Together with DNASE1, plays a key role in degrading neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation. Degradation of intravascular NETs by DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 is required to prevent formation of clots that obstruct blood vessels and cause organ damage following inflammation.
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TMPH-01214 | DNASE1L3 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Has DNA hydrolytic activity. Is capable of both single- and double-stranded DNA cleavage, producing DNA fragments with 3'-OH ends. Can cleave chromatin to nucleosomal units and cleaves nucleosomal and liposome-coated DNA. Acts in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (INDF) during apoptosis and necrosis. The role in apoptosis includes myogenic and neuronal differentiation, and BCR-mediated clonal deletion of self-reactive B cells. Is active on chromatin in apoptotic cell-derived membrane-coated microparticles and thus suppresses anti-DNA autoimmunity. Together with DNASE1, plays a key role in degrading neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation. Degradation of intravascular NETs by DNASE1 and DNASE1L3 is required to prevent formation of clots that obstruct blood vessels and cause organ damage following inflammation.
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TMPJ-00833 | MPO Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 Cells | ||
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a hemecontaining enzyme belonging to the XPO subfamily of peroxidases. It is an abundant neutrophil and monocyte glycoprotein that catalyzes the hydrogen peroxidedependent conversion of chloride, bromide, and iodide to multiple reactive species. MPO activity results in protein nitrosylation and the formation of 3-chlorotyrosine and dityrosine crosslinks. Modification of ApoB100, as well as the lipid and cholesterol components of LDL and HDL, promotes the development of atherosclerosis. MPO is also associated with a variety of other diseases, and inhibits vasodilation in inflammation by depleting the levels of NO. Serum albumin functions as a carrier protein during MPO movement to the basolateral side of epithelial cells. MPO is stored in neutrophil azurophilic granules. Upon cellular activation, it is deposited into pathogencontaining phagosomes. While mice lacking MPO are impaired in clearing select microbial infections,MPO deficiency in humans does not necessarily result in heightened susceptibility to infections.
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TMPY-01635 | PCSK1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Neuroendocrine convertase 1, also known as Prohormone convertase 1, Proprotein convertase 1, PCSK1 and NEC1, is an enzyme which belongs to the peptidase S8 family and Furin subfamily. PCSK1 is an enzyme that performs the proteolytic cleavage of prohormones to their intermediate (or sometimes completely cleaved) forms. It is present only in neuroendocrine cells such as brain, pituitary and adrenal, and most often cleaves after a pair of basic residues within prohormones but can occasionally cleave after a single arginine. It binds to a protein known as proSAAS, which also represents its endogenous inhibitor. PCSK1 is involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues. PCSK1 substrates include POMC, renin, enkephalin, dynorphin, somatostatin and insulin. Defects in PCSK1 are the cause of proprotein convertase 1 deficiency (PC1 deficiency). PC1 deficiency is characterized by obesity, hypogonadism, hypoadrenalism, reactive hypoglycemia as well as marked small-intestinal absorptive dysfunction. It is due to impaired processing of prohormones.
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TMPY-02043 | PARK7/DJ-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Parkinson's disease locus DJ-1 (PARK7) is a differentially expressed transcript. DJ-1 plays a physiologic role in protection of erythroid cells from oxidant damage, a function unmasked in the context of oxidative stress. PARK7 belongs to the peptidase C56 family of proteins. It acts as a positive regulator of androgen receptor-dependent transcription. It may also function as a redox-sensitive chaperone, as a sensor for oxidative stress, and it apparently protects neurons against oxidative stress and cell death. Mutations in the DJ-1 gene are associated with rare forms of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). DJ-1/p53 interactions contribute to apoptosis resistance in clonal myeloid cells and may serve as a prognostic marker in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). DJ-1 regulates redox signaling kinase pathways and acts as a transcriptional regulator of antioxidative gene batteries. Therefore, DJ-1 is an important redox-reactive signaling intermediate controlling oxidative stress after ischemia, upon neuroinflammation, and during age-related neurodegenerative processes. Augmenting DJ-1 activity might provide novel approaches to treating chronic neurodegenerative illnesses such as Parkinson's disease and acute damage such as stroke.
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TMPY-01632 | Serpin B4 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | Baculovirus Insect Cells | ||
Serpins are the largest and most diverse family of serine protease inhibitors which are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as blood coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor suppression and are expressed in a cell-specific manner. Serpins are a group of proteins with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to inhibit proteases. The acronym serpin was originally coined because many serpins inhibit chymotrypsin-like serine proteases (serine protease inhibitors). Over 1 serpins have been identified.Mouse SerpinB3, also known as Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1, SCCA-1, SERPINB3, SCCA and SCCA1, is a cytoplasm protein that belongs to the serpin family and Ov-serpin subfamily. SerpinB3 may act as a protease inhibitor to modulate the host immune response against tumor cells. Mouse SerpinB3a and SerpinB3b, but not Serpinb3c, are functional, inhibiting both serine and cysteine proteinases with different inhibitory profiles due to the difference of two amino acids in their reactive site loops. SerpinB3a is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues, whereas expression of SerpinB3b is limited to keratinocytes. SerpinB3a and SerpinB3b may play different roles by inhibiting intrinsic or extrinsic proteinases with different expression distributions and different inhibitory profiles.
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TMPY-01816 | Pentraxin 3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Pentraxin-related protein PTX3, also known as Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 5, Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 14 protein, TSG-14, PTX3 and TNFAIP5, is a secreted protein that contains one pentaxin domain. PTX3 plays a role in the regulation of innate resistance to pathogens, inflammatory reactions, possibly clearance of self-components and female fertility. Pentraxins are a family of evolutionarily conserved multifunctional pattern-recognition proteins characterized by a cyclic multimeric structure. Based on the primary structure of the subunit, the pentraxins are divided into two groups: short pentraxins and long pentraxins. C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P-component (SAP) are the two short pentraxins. The prototype protein of the long pentraxin group is pentraxin 3 (PTX3). CRP and SAP are produced primarily in the liver in response to IL-6, while PTX3 is produced by a variety of tissues and cells and in particular by innate immunity cells in response to proinflammatory signals and Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement. PTX3 is essential in female fertility by acting as a nodal point for the assembly of the cumulus oophorus hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix. PTX3 interacts with several ligands, including growth factors, extracellular matrix components and selected pathogens, playing a role in complement activation and facilitating pathogen recognition by phagocytes, acting as a predecessor of antibodies. PTX3 may also contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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TMPY-04813 | ACAT2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) | Rat | E. coli | ||
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular enzyme that produces cholesteryl esters in various tissues. In mammals, two ACAT genes (ACAT1 and ACAT2) have been identified. Together, these two enzymes are involved in storing cholesteryl esters as lipid droplets, in macrophage foam-cell formation, in absorbing dietary cholesterol, and in supplying cholesteryl esters as part of the core lipid for lipoprotein synthesis and assembly. The key difference in tissue distribution of ACAT1 and ACAT2 between humans, mice and monkeys is that, in adult human liver (including hepatocytes and bile duct cells), the major enzyme is ACAT1, rather than ACAT2. There is compelling evidence implicating a role for ACAT1 in macrophage foam-cell formation, and for ACAT2 in intestinal cholesterol absorption.Ubiquitin linkage to cysteine is an unconventional modification targeting protein for degradation. However, the physiological regulation of cysteine ubiquitylation is still mysterious. Here we found that ACAT2, a cellular enzyme converting cholesterol and fatty acid to cholesteryl esters, was ubiquitylated on Cys277 for degradation when the lipid level was low. gp78-Insigs catalysed Lys48-linked polyubiquitylation on this Cys277. A high concentration of cholesterol and fatty acid, however, induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that oxidized Cys277, resulting in ACAT2 stabilization and subsequently elevated cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, ACAT2 knockout mice were more susceptible to high-fat diet-associated insulin resistance. By contrast, expression of a constitutively stable form of ACAT2 (C277A) resulted in higher insulin sensitivity. ACAT2 is an appealing target for therapy to reduce coronary heart disease.
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TMPH-01263 | PRKN Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Human | E. coli | ||
Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. Substrates include SYT11 and VDAC1. Other substrates are BCL2, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746, MIRO1 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, by acting downstream of PINK1 to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components. Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Activation and recruitment onto the outer membrane of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria (OMM) requires PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of both PRKN and ubiquitin. After mitochondrial damage, functions with PINK1 to mediate the decision between mitophagy or preventing apoptosis by inducing either the poly- or monoubiquitination of VDAC1, respectively; polyubiquitination of VDAC1 promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination of VDAC1 decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis. When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1 and USP30. Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to mitophagy. The PINK1-PRKN pathway also promotes fission of damaged mitochondria by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation which promotes the PRKN-dependent degradation of mitochondrial proteins involved in fission such as MFN2. This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the mitochondrial network or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes. Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MIRO1 and MIRO2; in motor neurons, this likely inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria undergoing mitophagy in the soma. Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of transcriptional repressor ZNF746/PARIS which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor PPARGC1A. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress. Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.
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TMPH-02631 | PRKN Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (GST) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. Substrates include SYT11 and VDAC1. Other substrates are BCL2, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746, MIRO1 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, by acting downstream of PINK1 to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components. Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Activation and recruitment onto the outer membrane of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria (OMM) requires PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of both PRKN and ubiquitin. After mitochondrial damage, functions with PINK1 to mediate the decision between mitophagy or preventing apoptosis by inducing either the poly- or monoubiquitination of VDAC1, respectively; polyubiquitination of VDAC1 promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination of VDAC1 decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis. When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1 and USP30. Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to mitophagy. The PINK1-PRKN pathway also promotes fission of damaged mitochondria by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation which promotes the PRKN-dependent degradation of mitochondrial proteins involved in fission such as MFN2. This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the mitochondrial network or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes. Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MIRO1 and MIRO2; in motor neurons, this likely inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria undergoing mitophagy in the soma. Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of transcriptional repressor ZNF746/PARIS which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor PPARGC1A. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress. Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.
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