目录号 | 产品详情 | 靶点 | |
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T9054 | HBV | ||
RO6889678 是高效的 HBV 衣壳结构抑制剂,其吸收、分布、代谢和排泄特征较为复杂。它可通过 CYP3A4 介导的氧化作用进行代谢,以及通过 UDP-葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶 UGT1A3 和 UGT1A1 介导的直接葡萄糖醛酸化作用进行代谢。它是一种诱导剂,可作用于人肝细胞中 CYP3A4 和共调节蛋白。 | |||
T63079 | |||
HBV-IN-6 是一种 HBV 的有效抑制剂 (EC50: 5 nM)。 | |||
T62247 | |||
HBV-IN-9 (example 20) 是一种 HBsAg (HBV 表面抗原) 的有效抑制剂,其 IC50 值为 10 nM。HBV-IN-9 (example 20) 也是一种 HBV DNA 复制抑制剂,其 IC50 值为 0.15 nM。 | |||
T62466 | |||
HBV-IN-17 (compound 8) 是一种有效的 HBV 衣壳组装调节剂 (EC50: 511 nM)。 | |||
T79879 | HBV | ||
HBV-IN-38(实施例 193)作为一种有效的HBVDNA 抑制剂(EC50≤100nM),主要用于研究病毒感染。 | |||
T6446 | HBV DNA/RNA Synthesis | ||
Clevudine (Levovir) 是一种非自然 L-构型的核苷类似物,是一种与聚合酶结合的非竞争性抑制剂,具有较强的抗 HBV 活性,半衰期长,毒性低的特点。 | |||
T4328 | HBV Sirtuin | ||
OSS_128167 (SIRT6-IN-1) 是一种选择性沉默调节蛋白 6 (SIRT6) 抑制剂,对 SIRT6,SIRT1 和 SIRT2 的 IC50分别为 89 μM,1578 μM 和 751 μM。它具有抗 HBV、抗癌、抗炎和抗病毒活性,可抑制 HBV 的转录和复制。 | |||
T0085L | HBV | ||
Entecavir (SQ34676) 是一种选择性 HBV 抑制剂,在 HepG2细胞中的 EC50值为3.75 nM。 | |||
T3815 | Others HBV | ||
Isoscopoletin (7-Methoxyesculetin) 是艾叶中的一种活性成分。它具有显著的细胞增殖抑制作用,对人类 CCRF-CEM 白血病细胞和耐药亚系 CEM/ADR5000 作用的 IC50值分别为 4.0 μM 和 1.6 μM。它具有抑制 HBV 复制的活性。 | |||
T2848 | Apoptosis HBV Parasite Histamine Receptor | ||
Osthole (Osthol) 是一种天然抗组胺药替代试剂,可刺激成骨细胞增殖和分化。它可抑制组胺 H1受体活性,还可抑制细胞培养物中 HBV 的分泌。 |
目录号 | 产品名/同用名 | 种属 | 表达系统 | ||
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TMPK-01492 | HLA-A*02:01&B2M&HBV (FLLTRILTI) Monomer Protein, Human, MHC (His & Avi) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), is the leading cause of liver diseases infecting an estimated 240 million persons worldwide. The HBV prevalence rates are variables between different countries, with an high level of endemicity in the south-eastern part of Europe. Seven main HBV-D subgenotypes have been described until now (D1-D7).
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TMPK-01501 | HLA-A*02:01&B2M&HBV (FLLTRILTI) Tetramer Protein, Human, MHC (His & Avi) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), is the leading cause of liver diseases infecting an estimated 240 million persons worldwide. The HBV prevalence rates are variables between different countries, with an high level of endemicity in the south-eastern part of Europe. Seven main HBV-D subgenotypes have been described until now (D1-D7).
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TMPK-01491 | HLA-A*02:01&B2M&HBV (FLLTRILTI) Monomer Protein, Human, MHC (His & Avi), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 | ||
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), is the leading cause of liver diseases infecting an estimated 240 million persons worldwide. The HBV prevalence rates are variables between different countries, with an high level of endemicity in the south-eastern part of Europe. Seven main HBV-D subgenotypes have been described until now (D1-D7).
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TMPY-05822 | Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)(ayw/France/Tiollais/1979) Capsid protein (His) | HBV-D | E. coli | ||
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid assembly is a critical step in the propagation of the virus and is mediated by the core protein. The first cytoplasmic step in the formation of an infectious HBV virion is the formation of a capsid containing pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and the viral polymerase (Pol). HBV capsid assembly is an attractive target for new antiviral therapies.
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TMPH-00803 | HBV-A subtype adw2 (strain Rutter 1979) Capsid protein (His) | HBV-A | E. coli | ||
Self assembles to form an icosahedral capsid. Most capsids appear to be large particles with an icosahedral symmetry of T=4 and consist of 240 copies of capsid protein, though a fraction forms smaller T=3 particles consisting of 180 capsid proteins. Entering capsids are transported along microtubules to the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the capsid is thought to induce exposure of nuclear localization signal in the C-terminal portion of the capsid protein that allows binding to the nuclear pore complex via the importin (karyopherin-) alpha and beta. Capsids are imported in intact form through the nuclear pore into the nuclear basket, where it probably binds NUP153. Only capsids that contain the mature viral genome can release the viral DNA and capsid protein into the nucleoplasm. Immature capsids get stuck in the basket. Capsids encapsulate the pre-genomic RNA and the P protein. Pre-genomic RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA while the capsid is still in the cytoplasm. The capsid can then either be directed to the nucleus, providing more genomes for transcription, or bud through the endoplasmic reticulum to provide new virions.
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TMPH-00807 | HBV-D subtype ayw (isolate France/Tiollais/1979) Protein X (His & SUMO) | HBV-D | E. coli | ||
Multifunctional protein that plays a role in silencing host antiviral defenses and promoting viral transcription. Does not seem to be essential for HBV infection. May be directly involved in development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Most of cytosolic activities involve modulation of cytosolic calcium. The effect on apoptosis is controversial depending on the cell types in which the studies have been conducted. May induce apoptosis by localizing in mitochondria and causing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. May also modulate apoptosis by binding host CFLAR, a key regulator of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Promotes viral transcription by using the host E3 ubiquitin ligase DDB1 to target the SMC5-SMC6 complex to proteasomal degradation. This host complex would otherwise bind to viral episomal DNA, and prevents its transcription. Moderately stimulates transcription of many different viral and cellular transcription elements. Promoters and enhancers stimulated by HBx contain DNA binding sites for NF-kappa-B, AP-1, AP-2, c-EBP, ATF/CREB, or the calcium-activated factor NF-AT.
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TMPH-00806 | HBV-D (isolate Germany/1-91/1991) Protein X (His & SUMO) | HBV-D | E. coli | ||
Multifunctional protein that plays a role in silencing host antiviral defenses and promoting viral transcription. Does not seem to be essential for HBV infection. May be directly involved in development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Most of cytosolic activities involve modulation of cytosolic calcium. The effect on apoptosis is controversial depending on the cell types in which the studies have been conducted. May induce apoptosis by localizing in mitochondria and causing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. May also modulate apoptosis by binding host CFLAR, a key regulator of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Promotes viral transcription by using the host E3 ubiquitin ligase DDB1 to target the SMC5-SMC6 complex to proteasomal degradation. This host complex would otherwise bind to viral episomal DNA, and prevents its transcription. Moderately stimulates transcription of many different viral and cellular transcription elements. Promoters and enhancers stimulated by HBx contain DNA binding sites for NF-kappa-B, AP-1, AP-2, c-EBP, ATF/CREB, or the calcium-activated factor NF-AT.
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TMPH-00808 | HBV-D subtype ayw (isolate Japan/JYW796/1988) Protein X (His) | HBV-D | E. coli | ||
Multifunctional protein that plays a role in silencing host antiviral defenses and promoting viral transcription. Does not seem to be essential for HBV infection. May be directly involved in development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Most of cytosolic activities involve modulation of cytosolic calcium. The effect on apoptosis is controversial depending on the cell types in which the studies have been conducted. May induce apoptosis by localizing in mitochondria and causing loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. May also modulate apoptosis by binding host CFLAR, a key regulator of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Promotes viral transcription by using the host E3 ubiquitin ligase DDB1 to target the SMC5-SMC6 complex to proteasomal degradation. This host complex would otherwise bind to viral episomal DNA, and prevents its transcription. Moderately stimulates transcription of many different viral and cellular transcription elements. Promoters and enhancers stimulated by HBx contain DNA binding sites for NF-kappa-B, AP-1, AP-2, c-EBP, ATF/CREB, or the calcium-activated factor NF-AT.
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TMPH-00816 | HBV-A subtype adw2 (strain Rutter 1979) Large envelope protein (His) | HBV-A | in vitro E. coli expression system | ||
The large envelope protein exists in two topological conformations, one which is termed 'external' or Le-HBsAg and the other 'internal' or Li-HBsAg. In its external conformation the protein attaches the virus to cell receptors and thereby initiating infection. This interaction determines the species specificity and liver tropism. This attachment induces virion internalization predominantly through caveolin-mediated endocytosis. The large envelope protein also assures fusion between virion membrane and endosomal membrane. In its internal conformation the protein plays a role in virion morphogenesis and mediates the contact with the nucleocapsid like a matrix protein.; The middle envelope protein plays an important role in the budding of the virion. It is involved in the induction of budding in a nucleocapsid independent way. In this process the majority of envelope proteins bud to form subviral lipoprotein particles of 22 nm of diameter that do not contain a nucleocapsid.
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TMPH-00815 | HBV-A subtype adw2 (isolate Germany/991/1990) Capsid protein (His & Myc) | HBV-A | E. coli | ||
Self assembles to form an icosahedral capsid. Most capsids appear to be large particles with an icosahedral symmetry of T=4 and consist of 240 copies of capsid protein, though a fraction forms smaller T=3 particles consisting of 180 capsid proteins. Entering capsids are transported along microtubules to the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the capsid is thought to induce exposure of nuclear localization signal in the C-terminal portion of the capsid protein that allows binding to the nuclear pore complex via the importin (karyopherin-) alpha and beta. Capsids are imported in intact form through the nuclear pore into the nuclear basket, where it probably binds NUP153. Only capsids that contain the mature viral genome can release the viral DNA and capsid protein into the nucleoplasm. Immature capsids get stuck in the basket. Capsids encapsulate the pre-genomic RNA and the P protein. Pre-genomic RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA while the capsid is still in the cytoplasm. The capsid can then either be directed to the nucleus, providing more genomes for transcription, or bud through the endoplasmic reticulum to provide new virions.
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TMPH-00804 | HBV-C subtype ayw (isolate China/Tibet127/2002) Capsid protein (Yeast, His) | HBV-C | Yeast | ||
Self assembles to form an icosahedral capsid. Most capsids appear to be large particles with an icosahedral symmetry of T=4 and consist of 240 copies of capsid protein, though a fraction forms smaller T=3 particles consisting of 180 capsid proteins. Entering capsids are transported along microtubules to the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the capsid is thought to induce exposure of nuclear localization signal in the C-terminal portion of the capsid protein that allows binding to the nuclear pore complex via the importin (karyopherin-) alpha and beta. Capsids are imported in intact form through the nuclear pore into the nuclear basket, where it probably binds NUP153. Only capsids that contain the mature viral genome can release the viral DNA and capsid protein into the nucleoplasm. Immature capsids get stuck in the basket. Capsids encapsulate the pre-genomic RNA and the P protein. Pre-genomic RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA while the capsid is still in the cytoplasm. The capsid can then either be directed to the nucleus, providing more genomes for transcription, or bud through the endoplasmic reticulum to provide new virions.
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TMPH-00805 | HBV-C subtype ayw (isolate China/Tibet127/2002) Capsid protein (E. coli, His) | HBV-C | E. coli | ||
Self assembles to form an icosahedral capsid. Most capsids appear to be large particles with an icosahedral symmetry of T=4 and consist of 240 copies of capsid protein, though a fraction forms smaller T=3 particles consisting of 180 capsid proteins. Entering capsids are transported along microtubules to the nucleus. Phosphorylation of the capsid is thought to induce exposure of nuclear localization signal in the C-terminal portion of the capsid protein that allows binding to the nuclear pore complex via the importin (karyopherin-) alpha and beta. Capsids are imported in intact form through the nuclear pore into the nuclear basket, where it probably binds NUP153. Only capsids that contain the mature viral genome can release the viral DNA and capsid protein into the nucleoplasm. Immature capsids get stuck in the basket. Capsids encapsulate the pre-genomic RNA and the P protein. Pre-genomic RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA while the capsid is still in the cytoplasm. The capsid can then either be directed to the nucleus, providing more genomes for transcription, or bud through the endoplasmic reticulum to provide new virions.
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TMPY-02702 | ASGR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), an endocytotic cell surface receptor expressed by hepatocytes, is triggered by triantennary binding to galactose residues of macromolecules such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR). ASGPR belongs to the long-form subfamily of the C-type/Ca2+ dependent lectin family. It is a complex of two noncovalently-linked and highly homologous subunits, a major 42 kDa glycoprotein ASGPR1(MHL-1) and a minor 51 kDa glycoprotein ASGR2 (MHL-2). ASGPR1 is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein that contains a cytosolic N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment, and an extracellular domain which contains two important structural regions. The first is a stalk domain that contributes to noncovalent oligomerization, and the second is a Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding domain at the very C-terminus that is unusually stabilized by three ions. The research regarded that ASGPR1 could be targeted for anti- hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug development.
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TMPY-05542 | ASGR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 | ||
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), an endocytotic cell surface receptor expressed by hepatocytes, is triggered by triantennary binding to galactose residues of macromolecules such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR). ASGPR belongs to the long-form subfamily of the C-type/Ca2+ dependent lectin family. It is a complex of two noncovalently-linked and highly homologous subunits, a major 42 kDa glycoprotein ASGPR1(MHL-1) and a minor 51 kDa glycoprotein ASGR2 (MHL-2). ASGPR1 is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein that contains a cytosolic N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment, and an extracellular domain which contains two important structural regions. The first is a stalk domain that contributes to noncovalent oligomerization, and the second is a Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding domain at the very C-terminus that is unusually stabilized by three ions. The research regarded that ASGPR1 could be targeted for anti- hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug development.
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TMPJ-00173 | TIM-3/KIM-3/HAVCR2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (aa 20-191, His) | Mouse | Human Cells | ||
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM3), also called hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the TIM family of immune regulating molecules and plays an important role in the Th1-mediated immune response. TIM3 is expressed on the Th1 cells, CD8 T-cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, but not on Th2 cells. TIM3 expressed by monocytes and dendritic cells facilitates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and up-regulates cross-presentation of apoptotic cell-associated antigens through interaction with phosphatidylserine. Engagement of TIM3 by its ligand galectin-9 induces a range of immunosuppressive functions which enhance immune tolerance and inhibit anti-tumor immunity. Stimulation of TIM3 with an agonistic antibody promotes inflammation through the activation of innate immune cells. TIM3 is also regarded as a potential target molecule for immunotherapy. TIM3 and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) as two important coinhibitory regulators of T cell responses, have been implicated with the T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion associated with chronic HBV infection including HBV-related HCC.
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TMPJ-00174 | TIM-3/KIM-3/HAVCR2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (aa 20-193, His) | Mouse | Human Cells | ||
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM3), also called hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the TIM family of immune regulating molecules and plays an important role in the Th1-mediated immune response. TIM3 is expressed on the Th1 cells, CD8 T-cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, but not on Th2 cells. TIM3 expressed by monocytes and dendritic cells facilitates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and up-regulates cross-presentation of apoptotic cell-associated antigens through interaction with phosphatidylserine. Engagement of TIM3 by its ligand galectin-9 induces a range of immunosuppressive functions which enhance immune tolerance and inhibit anti-tumor immunity. Stimulation of TIM3 with an agonistic antibody promotes inflammation through the activation of innate immune cells. TIM3 is also regarded as a potential target molecule for immunotherapy. TIM3 and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) as two important coinhibitory regulators of T cell responses, have been implicated with the T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion associated with chronic HBV infection including HBV-related HCC.
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TMPJ-00624 | TIM-3/KIM-3/HAVCR2 Protein, Marmoset, Recombinant (His) | Marmoset | Human Cells | ||
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM3), also called hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2), is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the TIM family of immune regulating molecules and plays an important role in the Th1-mediated immune response. TIM3 is expressed on the Th1 cells, CD8 T-cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells, but not on Th2 cells. TIM3 expressed by monocytes and dendritic cells facilitates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and up-regulates cross-presentation of apoptotic cell-associated antigens through interaction with phosphatidylserine. Engagement of TIM3 by its ligand galectin-9 induces a range of immunosuppressive functions which enhance immune tolerance and inhibit anti-tumor immunity. Stimulation of TIM3 with an agonistic antibody promotes inflammation through the activation of innate immune cells. TIM3 is also regarded as a potential target molecule for immunotherapy. TIM3 and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) as two important coinhibitory regulators of T cell responses, have been implicated with the T-cell dysfunction or exhaustion associated with chronic HBV infection including HBV-related HCC.
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TMPY-06943 | ASGR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 | ||
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), an endocytotic cell surface receptor expressed by hepatocytes, is triggered by triantennary binding to galactose residues of macromolecules such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR). ASGPR belongs to the long-form subfamily of the C-type/Ca2+ dependent lectin family. It is a complex of two noncovalently-linked and highly homologous subunits, a major 42 kDa glycoprotein ASGPR1(MHL-1) and a minor 51 kDa glycoprotein ASGR2 (MHL-2). ASGPR1 is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein that contains a cytosolic N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment, and an extracellular domain which contains two important structural regions. The first is a stalk domain that contributes to noncovalent oligomerization, and the second is a Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding domain at the very C-terminus that is unusually stabilized by three ions. The research regarded that ASGPR1 could be targeted for anti- hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug development.
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TMPY-00671 | ASGR1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 | ||
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), an endocytotic cell surface receptor expressed by hepatocytes, is triggered by triantennary binding to galactose residues of macromolecules such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR). ASGPR belongs to the long-form subfamily of the C-type/Ca2+ dependent lectin family. It is a complex of two noncovalently-linked and highly homologous subunits, a major 42 kDa glycoprotein ASGPR1(MHL-1) and a minor 51 kDa glycoprotein ASGR2 (MHL-2). ASGPR1 is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein that contains a cytosolic N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment, and an extracellular domain which contains two important structural regions. The first is a stalk domain that contributes to noncovalent oligomerization, and the second is a Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding domain at the very C-terminus that is unusually stabilized by three ions. The research regarded that ASGPR1 could be targeted for anti- hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug development.
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TMPY-05349 | ASGR1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated | Mouse | HEK293 | ||
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), an endocytotic cell surface receptor expressed by hepatocytes, is triggered by triantennary binding to galactose residues of macromolecules such as asialoorosomucoid (ASOR). ASGPR belongs to the long-form subfamily of the C-type/Ca2+ dependent lectin family. It is a complex of two noncovalently-linked and highly homologous subunits, a major 42 kDa glycoprotein ASGPR1(MHL-1) and a minor 51 kDa glycoprotein ASGR2 (MHL-2). ASGPR1 is synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein that contains a cytosolic N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment, and an extracellular domain which contains two important structural regions. The first is a stalk domain that contributes to noncovalent oligomerization, and the second is a Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding domain at the very C-terminus that is unusually stabilized by three ions. The research regarded that ASGPR1 could be targeted for anti- hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug development.
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TMPY-02193 | GOLPH2/GOLM1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Golgi membrane protein 1, also known as Golgi membrane protein GP73, Golgi phosphoprotein 2, and GOLM1, is a protein that belongs to the GOLM1 / CASC4 family. GOLM1 is widely expressed. It is highly expressed in the colon, prostate, trachea, and stomach. It is expressed at a lower level in testis, muscle, lymphoid tissues, white blood cells, and spleen. It is predominantly expressed by cells of the epithelial lineage. GOLM1 is expressed at a low level in the normal liver. Expression significantly increases in virus (HBV, HCV) infected liver. Expression of GOLM1 does not increase in liver disease due to non-viral causes (alcohol-induced liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis). Increased expression in hepatocytes appears to be a general feature of advanced liver disease. In liver tissue from patients with adult giant-cell hepatitis (GCH), GOLM1 is strongly expressed in hepatocyte-derived syncytial giant cells. GOLM1 is constitutively expressed by biliary epithelial cells but not by hepatocytes.
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TMPY-04567 | SRPK1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & GST) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
Serine / threonine-protein kinase SRPK1, also known as SFRS protein kinase 1, Serine/arginine-rich protein-specific kinase 1, SR-protein-specific kinase 1 and SRPK1, is a cytoplasm and nucleus protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily and CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. Isoform 2 of SRPK1 is predominantly expressed in the testis but is also present at lower levels in heart, ovary, small intestine, liver, kidney, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Isoform 1 of SRPK1 is only seen in the testis, at lower levels than isoform 2. SRPK1 hyperphosphorylates RS domain-containing proteins such as SFRS1, SFRS2 and ZRSR2 on serine residues during metaphase but at lower levels during interphase. SRPK1 plays a central role in the regulatory network for splicing, controlling the intranuclear distribution of splicing factors in interphase cells and the reorganization of nuclear speckles during mitosis. SRPK1 locks onto SFRS1 to form a stable complex and processively phosphorylates the RS domain. SRPK1 appears to mediate HBV core protein phosphorylation which is a prerequisite for pregenomic RNA encapsidation into viral capsids.
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TMPH-01556 | EIF2AK2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Yeast | ||
IFN-induced dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha) and plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection. Inhibits viral replication via the integrated stress response (ISR): EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation in response to viral infection converts EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, resulting to a shutdown of cellular and viral protein synthesis, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of ISR-specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4. Exerts its antiviral activity on a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses including hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), measles virus (MV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1). Also involved in the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation: phosphorylates other substrates including p53/TP53, PPP2R5A, DHX9, ILF3, IRS1 and the HHV-1 viral protein US11. In addition to serine/threonine-protein kinase activity, also has tyrosine-protein kinase activity and phosphorylates CDK1 at 'Tyr-4' upon DNA damage, facilitating its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. Either as an adapter protein and/or via its kinase activity, can regulate various signaling pathways (p38 MAP kinase, NF-kappa-B and insulin signaling pathways) and transcription factors (JUN, STAT1, STAT3, IRF1, ATF3) involved in the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs. Activates the NF-kappa-B pathway via interaction with IKBKB and TRAF family of proteins and activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway via interaction with MAP2K6. Can act as both a positive and negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway (ISP). Negatively regulates ISP by inducing the inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) at 'Ser-312' and positively regulates ISP via phosphorylation of PPP2R5A which activates FOXO1, which in turn up-regulates the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2). Can regulate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. Plays a role in the regulation of the cytoskeleton by binding to gelsolin (GSN), sequestering the protein in an inactive conformation away from actin.
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