目录号 | 产品详情 | 靶点 | |
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T7872 | Others | ||
Monolaurin 是椰子油中的一种表面活性剂和乳化剂。它抑制葡萄球菌、链球菌、加德纳菌、念珠菌和嗜血杆菌的生长,并减少促炎细胞因子的产生。 | |||
T3583 | Antibacterial DprE1 | ||
Macozinone (PBTZ169) 是具有杀菌作用的苯并噻嗪酮,也有抗结核作用。它也是一种 DprE1有效抑制剂,可通过与活性位点 Cys387 残基形成共价键来抑制必需的黄素蛋白 DprE1。 | |||
T1312 | Antibacterial Antibiotic | ||
Nafcillin sodium monohydrate (CL 8491) 是一种抗生素,是可逆的β-lactamase 抑制剂。它用于治疗由耐青霉素的葡萄球菌菌株引起的感染。 | |||
T16073 | Others Antibacterial | ||
Micronomicin (Gentamicin C2b) 是一种具有抗菌和杀菌能力的抗生素。 | |||
T40417 | Antibacterial Parasite | ||
Ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride (Optochin hydrochloride) 是奎宁的一种衍生物,具有抗菌作用,可抑制肺炎链球菌的活性。Ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride 具有抗疟活性,对 Plasmodium falciparum 的IC50为 25.75 nM。Ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride 是Gallus gallus2 受体 (ggTas2r1,ggTas2r2和ggTas2r7) 激动剂。 | |||
T20198 | Endogenous Metabolite Antifungal | ||
Potassium gluconate (Potassium D-gluconate) 是一种具有口服活性和螯合性质的氧化型羧酸,具有杀菌活性。 | |||
T1495 | Antibacterial Antibiotic | ||
Cefaclor monohydrate (Cefaclorum) 是一种抗生素,可特异性地结合青霉素结合蛋白。 | |||
T7735 | Antibacterial | ||
5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (5-NP) 是一种有效的杀菌剂,可抑制艰难梭菌。 | |||
T3247 | Others Antibacterial | ||
Lysozyme from chicken egg white (Lysozyme) 是一种存在于鸡蛋清中的杀菌酶,它溶解革兰氏阳性菌。 | |||
T1143 | Cell wall Antibacterial Antibiotic | ||
Carbenicillin disodium (BRL-2064) 作用于细菌细胞壁合成的最后阶段,是β-内酰胺青霉素衍生物。 |
目录号 | 产品名/同用名 | 种属 | 表达系统 | ||
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TMPY-02908 | BPI Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein is a member of the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily and BPI/LBP family. It is a cationic protein which can be detected in the azurophilic granule and on the surface of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein also is a lipopolysaccharide binding protein. It is associated with human neutrophil granules and has bactericidal activity on gram-negative organisms. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein contains two domains that adopt the same structural fold, even though they have little sequence similarity. It binds to and neutralises lipopolysaccharides from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The cytotoxic action of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein is limited to many species of Gram-negative bacteria; this specificity may be explained by a strong affinity of the very basic N-terminal half for the negatively charged lipopolysaccharides that are unique to the Gram-negative bacterial outer envelope.
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TMPH-03101 | DEFB1 Protein, Pig, Recombinant (GST) | Sus scrofa (Pig) | E. coli | ||
Has bactericidal activity. May act as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR6. Positively regulates the sperm motility and bactericidal activity in a CCR6-dependent manner. Binds to CCR6 and triggers Ca2+ mobilization in the sperm which is important for its motility.
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TMPH-00314 | Lingual antimicrobial peptide Protein, Bubalus bubalis, Recombinant (His & KSI) | Bubalus bubalis | E. coli | ||
Has bactericidal activity.
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TMPH-02541 | Beta Defensin 1/DEFB1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Has bactericidal activity. May act as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR6. Positively regulates the sperm motility and bactericidal activity in a CCR6-dependent manner. Binds to CCR6 and triggers Ca2+ mobilization in the sperm which is important for its motility.
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TMPH-02879 | REG3G Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | Yeast | ||
Bactericidal C-type lectin which acts exclusively against Gram-positive bacteria and mediates bacterial killing by binding to surface-exposed carbohydrate moieties of peptidoglycan. Restricts bacterial colonization of the intestinal epithelial surface and consequently limits activation of adaptive immune responses by the microbiota. The uncleaved form has bacteriostatic activity, whereas the cleaved form has bactericidal activity against L.monocytogenes and methicillin-resistant S.aureus. Regulates keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation after skin injury.
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TMPH-02507 | Angiogenin-4 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Has bactericidal activity against E.faecalis and L.monocytogenes, but not against L.innocua and E.coli. Promotes angiogenesis (in vitro). Has low ribonuclease activity (in vitro). Promotes proliferation of melanoma cells, but not of endothelial cells or fibroblasts (in vitro).
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TMPK-01201 | BPIFA1/LUNX Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) is a secretory protein found in human upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. This innate material is secreted in mucosal fluid or found in submucosal tissue in the human soft palate, lung, uvula, and nasal cavity. BPIFA1 is a critical component of the innate immune response that prevents upper airway diseases.
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TMPH-02508 | Angiogenin-4 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMOstar) | Mouse | Yeast | ||
Has bactericidal activity against E.faecalis and L.monocytogenes, but not against L.innocua and E.coli. Promotes angiogenesis (in vitro). Has low ribonuclease activity (in vitro). Promotes proliferation of melanoma cells, but not of endothelial cells or fibroblasts (in vitro).
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TMPH-03560 | lsdA Protein, S. aureus, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Staphylococcus aureus | E. coli | ||
Cell wall-anchored surface receptor that participates in the extraction of heme from oxidized methemoglobin/metHb to enable growth on hemoglobin as a sole iron source. Receives heme from IsdB and transfers it to IsdC. Plays also a role in the inhibition of host immune response. Protects S.aureus against the bactericidal protease activity of apolactoferrin. Enhances bacterial cellular hydrophobicity, which renders S.aureus resistant to bactericidal human skin fatty acids as well as to beta-defensins and cathelicidin. Also binds fibronectin and chains B-beta and gamma of fibrinogen, promoting clumping of S.aureus with fibrinogen. Involved in adherence of S.aureus to human desquamated nasal epithelial cells and is required for nasal colonization.
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TMPY-02966 | BPIFA2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
C20orf70 belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily, Plunc family. PLUNC family is comprised by mucosal secretory proteins that are predicted to be structurally similar to lipid-binding and host-defense proteins including bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. C20orf70 can be detected in submandibular gland. C20orf70 gene contains 9 distinct gt-ag introns. Transcription produces 6 different mRNAs, 4 alternatively spliced variants and 2 unspliced forms. There are 2 probable alternative promotors, 3 non overlapping alternative last exons and 4 validated alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRNAs appear to differ by truncation of the 3' end. 80 bp of this gene are antisense to spliced gene glopa, raising the possibility of regulated alternate expression. C20orf70 is expected to have molecular function (lipid binding) and to localize in extracellular region. It is a salivary protein of unknown function.
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TMPY-03121 | BPIFA2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
C20orf70 belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily, Plunc family. PLUNC family is comprised by mucosal secretory proteins that are predicted to be structurally similar to lipid-binding and host-defense proteins including bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. C20orf70 can be detected in submandibular gland. C20orf70 gene contains 9 distinct gt-ag introns. Transcription produces 6 different mRNAs, 4 alternatively spliced variants and 2 unspliced forms. There are 2 probable alternative promotors, 3 non overlapping alternative last exons and 4 validated alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRNAs appear to differ by truncation of the 3' end. 80 bp of this gene are antisense to spliced gene glopa, raising the possibility of regulated alternate expression. C20orf70 is expected to have molecular function (lipid binding) and to localize in extracellular region. It is a salivary protein of unknown function.
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TMPH-00292 | PGLYRP1/PGRP-S Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Bovine | E. coli | ||
Innate immunity protein that plays several important functions in antimicrobial and antitumor defense systems. Acts as a pattern receptor that binds to murein peptidoglycans (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria and thus provides bactericidal activity. Forms an equimolar complex with heat shock protein HSPA1A and induces programmed cell death through apoptosis and necroptosis in tumor cell lines by activating the TNFR1 receptor on the target cell membrane. In addition, acts in complex with the Ca(2+)-binding protein S100A4 as a chemoattractant able to induce lymphocyte movement. Mechanistically, this complex acts as a ligand of the chemotactic receptors CCR5 and CXCR3 which are present on the cells of the immune system. Promotes also the activation of lymphocytes that become able to kill virus-infected cells as well as tumor cells by modulating the spectrum of their target-cell specificity. Induction of cytotoxicity on monocyte surface requires interaction with TREM1 receptor.
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TMPY-02163 | PGLYRP1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 | ||
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1, also known as Peptidoglycan recognition protein short, PGRP-S, PGLYRP1, PGLYRP, PGRP and TNFSF3L, is a secreted protein that belongs to the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. PGLYRP1 / PGLYRP is highly expressed in bone marrow. It is weakly expressed in kidney, liver, small intestine, spleen, thymus, peripheral leukocyte, lung, fetal spleen and neutrophils. PGLYRP1 / PGLYRP is a pattern receptor that binds to murein peptidoglycans (PGN) of Gram-positive bacteria. It has bactericidal activity towards Gram-positive bacteria. PGLYRP1 / PGLYRP may kill Gram-positive bacteria by interfering with peptidoglycan biosynthesis. It binds also to Gram-negative bacteria, and has bacteriostatic activity towards Gram-negative bacteria. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs or PGLYRPs) are innate immunity proteins that are conserved from insects to mammals, recognize bacterial peptidoglycan, and function in antibacterial immunity and inflammation. Mammals have four PGRPs: PGLYRP1, PGLYRP2, PGLYRP3, and PGLYRP4. They are secreted proteins expressed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PGLYRP1), liver (PGLYRP2), or on body surfaces, mucous membranes, and in secretions (saliva, sweat) (PGLYRP3 and PGLYRP4). All PGRPs recognize bacterial peptidoglycan. The PGRPs likely play a role both in antibacterial defenses and several inflammatory diseases. They modulate local inflammatory responses in tissues (such as arthritic joints) and there is evidence for association of PGRPs with inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis.
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TMPH-02670 | Gasdermin-A3 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Precursor of a pore-forming protein involved in the transition from catagen to telogen at the end of hair follicle morphogenesis. This form constitutes the precursor of the pore: upon cleavage, the released N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-A3, N-terminal) binds to membranes and forms pores, triggering cell death.; Pore-forming protein that causes membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis. Released upon cleavage in vitro of genetically engineered Gsdma3, and binds to membrane inner leaflet lipids. Homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, triggering pyroptosis. Binds to membrane inner leaflet lipids, including bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, as well as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-bisphosphate, and more weakly to monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols. Also binds to bacterial and mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin, and exhibits bactericidal activity. The functional mechanisms and physiological proteases that cleave and activate this pore-forming protein are unknown (Probable). Plays a role in the transition from catagen to telogen at the end of hair follicle morphogenesis, possibly by regulating hair follicle stem cell niche maintenance. Also required for mammary gland development.
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TMPH-01768 | VGF Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST & His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
Secreted polyprotein that is packaged and proteolytically processed by prohormone convertases PCSK1 and PCSK2 in a cell-type-specific manner. VGF and peptides derived from its processing play many roles in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity associated with learning, memory, depression and chronic pain.; Plays a role in the control of body fluid homeostasis by regulating vasopressin release. Suppresses presynaptic glutamatergic neurons connected to vasopressin neurons.; Plays a role in the control of body fluid homeostasis by regulating vasopressin release. Activates GABAergic interneurons which are inhibitory neurons of the nervous system and thereby suppresses presynaptic glutamatergic neurons. Stimulates also feeding behavior in an orexin-dependent manner in the hypothalamus. Functions as a positive regulator for the activation of orexin neurons resulting in elevated gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying.; Secreted multifunctional neuropeptide that binds to different cell receptors and thereby plays multiple physiological roles including modulation of energy expenditure, pain, response to stress, gastric regulation, glucose homeostasis as well as lipolysis. Activates the G-protein-coupled receptor C3AR1 via a folding-upon-binding mechanism leading to enhanced lipolysis in adipocytes. Interacts with C1QBP receptor in macrophages and microglia causing increased levels of intracellular calcium and hypersensitivity.; Plays a role in the regulation of memory formation and depression-related behaviors potentially by influencing synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Induces acute and transient activation of the NTRK2/TRKB receptor and subsequent CREB phosphorylation. Induces also insulin secretion in insulinoma cells by increasing intracellular calcium mobilization.; Has bactericidal activity against M. luteus, and antifungal activity against P. Pastoris.
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TMPH-02556 | PLA2G5 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids. Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A2 activity), preferentially releasing fatty acyl groups with a low degree of unsaturation such as oleoyl (C18:1) and linoleoyl (C18:2) groups. Hydrolyzes low-density lipoprotein (LDL) phospholipids releasing unsaturated fatty acids that drive macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype. May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes at different subcellular locations and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Cleaves sn-2 fatty acyl chains of cardiolipin, a major component of the inner membrane of mitochondria and bacterial membranes. Promotes phagocytosis of bacteria in macrophages through production of lysophosphatidylethanolamines. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing the phospholipids of the bacterial membrane. Promotes phagocytosis and killing of ingested fungi likely through controlling phagosome-lysosome fusion and phagosome maturation. Plays a role in biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in myeloid cells. In eosinophils, triggers perinuclear arachidonate release and LTC4 synthesis in a PLA2G4A-independent way. In neutrophils, amplifies CysLTs biosynthesis initiated by PLA2G4A. Promotes immune complex clearance in macrophages via stimulating synthesis of CysLTs, which act through CYSLTR1 to trigger phagocytosis. May regulate antigen processing in antigen-presenting cells. In pulmonary macrophages regulates IL33 production required for activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. May play a role in the biosynthesis of N-acyl ethanolamines that regulate energy metabolism. Hydrolyzes N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines to N-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamines, which are further cleaved by a lysophospholipase D to release N-acyl ethanolamines.
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TMPH-02671 | Gasdermin-D Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Precursor of a pore-forming protein that plays a key role in host defense against pathogen infection and danger signals. This form constitutes the precursor of the pore-forming protein: upon cleavage, the released N-terminal moiety (Gasdermin-D, N-terminal) binds to membranes and forms pores, triggering pyroptosis.; Promotes pyroptosis in response to microbial infection and danger signals. Produced by the cleavage of gasdermin-D by inflammatory caspases CASP1 or CASP4/CASP11 in response to canonical, as well as non-canonical (such as cytosolic LPS) inflammasome activators. After cleavage, moves to the plasma membrane where it strongly binds to inner leaflet lipids, including monophosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, such as phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, as well as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-bisphosphate, and more weakly to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Homooligomerizes within the membrane and forms pores of 10-15 nanometers (nm) of inner diameter, allowing the release of mature IL1B and triggering pyroptosis. Exhibits bactericidal activity. Gasdermin-D, N-terminal released from pyroptotic cells into the extracellular milieu rapidly binds to and kills both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, without harming neighboring mammalian cells, as it does not disrupt the plasma membrane from the outside due to lipid-binding specificity. Under cell culture conditions, also active against intracellular bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Also active in response to MAP3K7/TAK1 inactivation by Yersinia toxin YopJ, which triggers cleavage by CASP8 and subsequent activation. Strongly binds to bacterial and mitochondrial lipids, including cardiolipin. Does not bind to unphosphorylated phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine nor phosphatidylcholine.
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TMPH-01364 | Galectin-9/LGALS9 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST & His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Binds galactosides. Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3. Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth. Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration. Ligand for CD44; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function. Promotes ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation. Expands regulatory T-cells and induces cytotoxic T-cell apoptosis following virus infection. Activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation inducing cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and chemokine (CCL2) production in mast and dendritic cells. Inhibits degranulation and induces apoptosis of mast cells. Induces maturation and migration of dendritic cells. Inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function. Can transform NK cell phenotype from peripheral to decidual during pregnancy. Astrocyte derived galectin-9 enhances microglial TNF production. May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. May provide the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion. Highly selective to the anion urate.; Acts as an eosinophil chemoattractant. It also inhibits angiogenesis. Suppresses IFNG production by natural killer cells.
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TMPH-03255 | PLA2G5 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Rat | E. coli | ||
Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids. Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids (phospholipase A2 activity), preferentially releasing fatty acyl groups with a low degree of unsaturation such as oleoyl (C18:1) and linoleoyl (C18:2) groups. Hydrolyzes low-density lipoprotein (LDL) phospholipids releasing unsaturated fatty acids that drive macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype. May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes at different subcellular locations and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Cleaves sn-2 fatty acyl chains of cardiolipin, a major component of the inner membrane of mitochondria and bacterial membranes. Promotes phagocytosis of bacteria in macrophages through production of lysophosphatidylethanolamines. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane. Promotes phagocytosis and killing of ingested fungi likely through controlling phagosome-lysosome fusion and phagosome maturation. Plays a role in biosynthesis of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in myeloid cells. In eosinophils, triggers perinuclear arachidonate release and LTC4 synthesis in a PLA2G4A-independent way. In neutrophils, amplifies CysLTs biosynthesis initiated by PLA2G4A. Promotes immune complex clearance in macrophages via stimulating synthesis of CysLTs, which act through CYSLTR1 to trigger phagocytosis. May regulate antigen processing in antigen-presenting cells. In pulmonary macrophages regulates IL33 production required for activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. May play a role in the biosynthesis of N-acyl ethanolamines that regulate energy metabolism. Hydrolyzes N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines to N-acyl lysophosphatidylethanolamines, which are further cleaved by a lysophospholipase D to release N-acyl ethanolamines.
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TMPH-01066 | CCR6 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
Receptor for the C-C type chemokine CCL20. Binds to CCL20 and subsequently transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular calcium ion levels. Although CCL20 is its major ligand it can also act as a receptor for non-chemokine ligands such as beta-defensins. Binds to defensin DEFB1 leading to increase in intracellular calcium ions and cAMP levels. Its binding to DEFB1 is essential for the function of DEFB1 in regulating sperm motility and bactericidal activity. Binds to defensins DEFB4 and DEFB4A/B and mediates their chemotactic effects. The ligand-receptor pair CCL20-CCR6 is responsible for the chemotaxis of dendritic cells (DC), effector/ memory T-cells and B-cells and plays an important role at skin and mucosal surfaces under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions, as well as in pathology, including cancer and various autoimmune diseases. CCR6-mediated signals are essential for immune responses to microbes in the intestinal mucosa and in the modulation of inflammatory responses initiated by tissue insult and trauma. CCR6 is essential for the recruitment of both the proinflammatory IL17 producing helper T-cells (Th17) and the regulatory T-cells (Treg) to sites of inflammation. Required for the normal migration of Th17 cells in Peyers-patches and other related tissue sites of the intestine and plays a role in regulating effector T-cell balance and distribution in inflamed intestine. Plays an important role in the coordination of early thymocyte precursor migration events important for normal subsequent thymocyte precursor development, but is not required for the formation of normal thymic natural regulatory T-cells (nTregs). Required for optimal differentiation of DN2 and DN3 thymocyte precursors. Essential for B-cell localization in the subepithelial dome of Peyers-patches and for efficient B-cell isotype switching to IgA in the Peyers-patches. Essential for appropriate anatomical distribution of memory B-cells in the spleen and for the secondary recall response of memory B-cells. Positively regulates sperm motility and chemotaxis via its binding to CCL20.
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TMPH-02690 | PLA2G10 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids. Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids with preference for phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols over phosphatidylethanolamines. Preferentially releases sn-2 omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chains over saturated fatty acyls. Contributes to phospholipid remodeling of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Hydrolyzes LDL phospholipids releasing unsaturated fatty acids that regulate macrophage differentiation toward foam cells. Efficiently hydrolyzes and inactivates PAF, a potent lipid mediator present in oxidized LDL. May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Secreted by lung epithelium, targets membrane phospholipids of infiltrating eosinophils, releasing arachidonate and boosting eicosanoid and cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis involved in airway inflammatory response. Secreted by gut epithelium, hydrolyzes dietary and biliary phosphatidylcholines in the gastrointestinal lumen, thereby regulating adipogenesis and body weight. Plays a stem cell regulator role in colon epithelium. Within intracellular compartment, mediates Paneth-like cell differentiation and its stem cell supporting functions by inhibiting Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal stem cell (ISC). Secreted in the intestinal lumen upon inflammation, acts in an autocrine way and promotes prostaglandin E2 synthesis that stimulates the Wnt signaling pathway in ISCs and tissue regeneration. May participate in hair follicle morphogenesis by regulating phosphatidylethanolamines metabolism at the outermost epithelial layer and facilitating melanin synthesis. By generating lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) at sperm acrosome controls sperm cell capacitation, acrosome reaction and overall fertility. May promote neurite outgrowth in neuron fibers involved in nociception. Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Cleaves sn-2 fatty acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylethanolamines, which are major components of membrane phospholipids in bacteria. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane. In pulmonary epithelium, may contribute to host defense response against adenoviral infection. Prevents adenovirus entry into host cells by hydrolyzing host cell plasma membrane, releasing C16:0 LPCs that inhibit virus-mediated membrane fusion and viral infection. Likely prevents adenoviral entry into the endosomes of host cells. May play a role in maturation and activation of innate immune cells including macrophages, group 2 innate lymphoid cells and mast cells.
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TMPH-00297 | S100A9 Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) | Bovine | E. coli | ||
S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex is proposed to direct selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of multiple targets such as GAPDH, NXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif.
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