目录号 | 产品详情 | 靶点 | |
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T69908 | |||
Pidnarulex HCl is the salt form of CX-5461, a first-in-class non-genotoxic small molecule targeted inhibitor of RNA polymerase I (Pol I) that activates the p53 pathway without causing DNA damage. CX-5461 selectively inhibits rRNA synthesis by Pol I in the nucleolus, but does not inhibit mRNA synthesis by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) and does not inhibit DNA replication or protein synthesis. Inhibition of Pol I results in nucleolar stress and release of ribosomal proteins (RP) from the nucleolus. The RP bind to Mdm2 and liberate p53 to orchestrate apoptosis in cancer cells. CX-5461 demonstrates a favorable preclinical profile, potently and selectively kills cancer cells, demonstrates robust in vivo efficacy in multiple models, and has demonstrated oral bioavailability in multiple species. | |||
T68497 | |||
FI-700 is a novel and potent FLT3 inhibitor with promising antileukemia activity. FI-700 showed a potent IC(50) value against FLT3 kinase at 20 nmol/L in an in vitro kinase assay. FI-700 showed selective growth inhibition against mutant FLT3-expressing leukemia cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia cells, whereas it did not affect the FLT3 ligand (FL)-driven growth of Wt-FLT3-expressing cells. Oral administration of FI-700 induced the regression of tumors in a s.c. tumor xenograft model and increased the survival of mice in an i.v. transplanted model. Furthermore, FI-700 treatment eradicated FLT3/ITD-expressing leukemia cells, both in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow. (Source: Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 1;13(15 Pt 1):4575-82.) | |||
T60879 | |||
Antituberculosis agent-2 (Compound 8d) 是一种针对耐多药结核病和药物敏感结核病均有效的抗结核剂。Antituberculosis agent-2 在小鼠和人类中显示出良好的微粒稳定性,具有低细胞毒性和可接受的口服生物利用度。Antituberculosis agent-2 具有抗结核活性。Antituberculosis agent-2 对结核分枝杆菌 H37Rv、13946 和 14862 的 MIC 值分别为0.454、1.757 和 1.644 μg/mL。 | |||
T74144 | |||
Zifanocycline (KBP-7072) 为半合成第三代氨甲基环素类抗生素,通过抑制细菌核糖体功能而发挥作用。它对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌[包括多重耐药病原体]显示出广泛的体外抗菌活性。适用于口服和注射形式,Zifanocycline 主要用于研究治疗急性细菌性皮肤及其结构感染、社区获得性细菌性肺炎以及复杂腹腔感染。 | |||
T79666 | Sigma receptor | ||
WLB-89462(Compound 20c)是一种高选择性σ2受体配体(Ki:13 nM),展示出神经保护活性,并能有效改善由Aβ肽引发的大鼠短期记忆障碍。该化合物拥有出色的ADMET特性,包含良好的溶解度、无CYP抑制作用、优异的代谢稳定性、高渗透性、脑部可渗透性以及在啮齿类动物中经口服途径高暴露量。 | |||
T80731 | |||
Zifanocycline TFA (KBP-7072) 是一种半合成的氨基糖苷类抗生素,具有口服活性并能抑制细菌核糖体功能。它对广泛的革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌示出了体外抗菌活性,包括多种耐药病原体。Zifanocycline TFA 适用于急性细菌性皮肤及皮肤结构感染、社区获得性细菌性肺炎和复杂的腹腔感染的研究。 | |||
T36844 | |||
Inostamycin A is a bacterial metabolite that has been found inStreptomycesand has anticancer activity.1It is an inhibitor of CDP-diacylglycerol:inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase (IC50= 0.02 μg/ml in A431 cell membranes) and is selective for CDP-diacylglycerol:inositol 3-phosphatidyltransferase over phospholipase C (PLC) and phosphatidylinositol kinase at 10 μg/ml.2Inostamycin A decreases viability of YCU-T892, KCC-TC873, KB, HSC-4, and YCU-T891 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells in a concentration-dependent manner.3It induces cell cycle arrest in the G1phase in HSC-4 cells when used at a concentration of 250 ng/ml and induces apoptosis in Ms-1 small cell lung cancer cells at 300 ng/ml.3,4Inostamycin A also reduces levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 and inhibits EGF-induced migration of HSC-4 cells.5 1.Imoto, M., Umezawa, K., Takahashi, Y., et al.Isolation and structure determination of inostamycin, a novel inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol turnoverJ. Nat. Prod.53(4)825-829(1990) 2.Imoto, M., Taniguchi, Y., and Umezawa, K.Inhibition of CDP-DG: inositol transferase by inostamycinJ. Biochem.112(2)299-302(1992) 3.Baba, Y., Tsukuda, M., Mochimatsu, I., et al.Cytostatic effect of inostamycin, an inhibitor of cytidine 5'-diphosphate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDP-DG): inositol transferase, on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell linesCell Biol. Int.25(7)613-620(2001) 4.Imoto, M., Tanabe, K., Simizu, S., et al.Inhibition of cyclin D1 expression and induction of apoptosis by inostamycin in small cell lung carcinoma cellsJpn. J. Cancer Res.89(3)315-322(1998) 5.Baba, Y., Tsukuda, M., Mochimatsu, I., et al.Inostamycin, an inhibitor of cytidine 5'-diphosphate 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDP-DG): Inositol transferase, suppresses invasion ability by reducing productions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and cell motility in HSC-4 tongue carcinoma cell lineClin. Exp. Metastasis18(3)273-279(2000) | |||
T68306 | |||
INCB16562 is a novel, selective, and orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2 markedly selective over JAK3. Treatment of myeloma cells with INCB16562 potently inhibited interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced phosphorylation of STAT3. INCB16562 abrogated the protective effects of recombinant cytokines or bone marrow stromal cells and sensitized myeloma cells to cell death by exposure to dexamethasone, melphalan, or bortezomib. Oral administration of INCB16562 antagonized the growth of myeloma xenografts in mice and enhanced the antitumor activity of relevant agents in combination studies. INCB16562 is a potent JAK1/2 inhibitor and that mitigation of JAK/STAT signaling by targeting JAK1 and JAK2 will be beneficial in the treatment of myeloma patients, particularly in combination with other agents. ( source: Neoplasia. 2010 Jan;12(1):28-38. ). | |||
T37704 | |||
Olanzapine lactam impurity is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of olanzapine.1It is a degradation product formed by exposure to thermal or oxidative stress. 1.Baertschi, S.W., Brunner, H., Bunnell, C.A., et al.Isolation, identification, and synthesis of two oxidative degradation products of olanzapine (LY170053) in solid oral formulationsJ. Pharm. Sci.97(2)883-892(2008) | |||
T69963 | |||
Birabresib dihydrate was initially developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, but then was licensed by OncoEthix, privately held biotechnology company. OTX015 is a selective bromodomains: BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 inhibitor and inhibits their binding to AcH4. Bromodomains have an important role in the targeting of chromatin-modifying enzymes to specific sites, including methyltransferases, HATs and transcription factors and regulate diverse biological processes from cell proliferation and differentiation to energy homeostasis and neurological processes. OTX015 has potent antiproliferative activity accompanied by c-MYC down-regulation in several tumor types, and has demonstrated synergism with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in different models. Oral administration of OTX-015 markedly inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor volume. OTX015 is currently in Phase 1b studies for the treatment of hematological malignancies and advanced solid tumors such as Triple Negative Breast ...... |
目录号 | 产品名/同用名 | 种属 | 表达系统 | ||
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TMPY-01061 | FGF-10 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF10 exhibits mitogenic activity for keratinizing epidermal cells, but essentially no activity for fibroblasts, which is similar to the biological activity of FGF7. FGF10 plays an important role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. FGF10 is required for normal branching morphogenesis. It may play a role in wound healing. Defects in FGF10 are the cause of autosomal dominant aplasia of lacrimal and salivary glands (ALSG). ALSG has variable expressivity, and affected individuals may have aplasia or hypoplasia of the lacrimal, parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands and absence of the lacrimal puncta. The disorder is characterized by irritable eyes, recurrent eye infections, epiphora (constant tearing) and xerostomia (dryness of the mouth), which increases the risk of dental erosion, dental caries, periodontal disease and oral infections.
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TMPJ-00042 | TSLP Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a novel member of the hemopoietic cytokine family that promotes the development of B cells and shares overlapping activity with IL-7. The human TSLP protein comprises a 28 amino acids (aa) signal sequence and 131 aa mature region. Human TSLP has two isoforms lfTSLP and sfTSLP produced by alternative splicing . lfTSLP is expressed in a number of tissues including heart, liver and prostate, and sfTSLP (63aa) is predominantly expressed in keratinocytes of oral mucosa, skin and in salivary glands. In aa sequence level, Human TSLP displays about 43% identity with mouse TSLP.TSLP is a cytokine that functions mainly on myeloid cells; it induces the release of T cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes and enhances the maturation of CD11c(+) dendritic cells.TSLP has proliferative effects on the myeloid cell line and may initiate asthma or atopic dermatitis responses by directly activating mast cells . TSLP signals cells via the interleukin-7 receptor-α chain (IL-7Rα),shared with IL-7, together with the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) subunit. Recent studies indicate that TSLP and its receptor are novel therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis,for increased intraarticular TSLP concentrations in patients has caused chemotaxis and activation of arthritogenic T cells.
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TMPY-03225 | VSIG8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 8 (VSIG8) is essential in hair cycle, oral mucosa, and the nail matrix. Moreover, VSIG8 also has an important role in proper epithelial differentiation and function in the upper alimentary tract.
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TMPH-02336 | TAS2R10 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & KSI) | Human | E. coli | ||
Gustducin-coupled strychnine receptor implicated in the perception of bitter compounds in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract. Signals through PLCB2 and the calcium-regulated cation channel TRPM5. TAS2R10 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & KSI) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-KSI tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9NYW0.
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TMPY-03851 | BPIFB1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
BPIFB1, also known as LPLUNC1, belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily, plunc family. BPIFB1 may be involved in the innate immune response to bacterial exposure in the mouth, nasal cavities, and lungs. BPIFB1 is expressed in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, which may function in host defence. The expression of BPIF proteins is associated with CF lung disease in humans and mice. It is unclear if this elevation of protein production, which results from phenotypic alteration of the cells within the diseased epithelium, plays a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. BPIFB1 is an abundant, secreted product of goblet cells and minor mucosal glands of the respiratory tract and oral cavity and suggest that the protein functions in the complex milieu that protects the mucosal surfaces in these locations.
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TMPJ-00157 | CD82 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
CD82 antigen, also known as Kai-1, is a widely expressed palmitoylated molecule of the tetraspanin superfamily. KAI1/CD82 is localized on cell membrane and form interactions with other tetraspanins, integrins and chemokines which are respectively responsible for cell migration, adhesion and signaling. CD82/Kai-1 is a component of the promiscuous TIMP-1 interacting protein complex on the cell surface of human adenocarcinoma cells and gives insight into tumorigenic metastatic potential. CD82/Kai-1 suppresses EMT in prostate cancer cells adhered to fibronectin leading to reduced cell migration and invasiveness. CD82/Kai-1 function is important for muscle stem cell function in muscular disorders. Overexpression of CD82/Kai-1 suppresses growth, migration and invasion of oral cancer cells and may be considered as a potential therapeutic target in oral cancer.
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TMPH-03154 | Lys-gingipain 381 Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His) | Porphyromonas gingivalis | E. coli | ||
Cysteine proteinase with a strong preference for substrates with Lys in the P1 position. Hydrolyzes bovine hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, casein, human placental type I collagen and human IgA and IgG. Disrupts the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. May act as a virulence factor in the development of peridontal disease. Involved in the coaggregation of P.gingivalis with other oral bacteria. Lys-gingipain 381 Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44.8 kDa and the accession number is P72194.
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TMPH-03155 | Lys-gingipain HG66 Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Porphyromonas gingivalis | E. coli | ||
Cysteine proteinase with a strong preference for substrates with Lys in the P1 position. Hydrolyzes bovine hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, casein, human placental type I collagen and human IgA and IgG. Disrupts the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. May act as a virulence factor in the development of peridontal disease. Involved in the coaggregation of P.gingivalis with other oral bacteria. Lys-gingipain HG66 Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.4 kDa and the accession number is P72197.
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TMPJ-00860 | HTN3 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
HTN3 belongs to the histatin/statherin family. Histatins are salivary proteins that are considered to be major precursors of the protective proteinaceous structure on tooth surfaces (enamel pellicle). In addition, histatins exhibit antibacterial and antifungal activities. Post-translational proteolytic processing results in many histatins: e.g., histatins 4-6 are derived from histatin 3 by proteolysis. Histatins 1 and 3 are primary products of HIS1and HIS2 alleles, respectively. Histatins are believed to have important non-immunological, anti-microbial function in the oral cavity.
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TMPH-03156 | Lys-gingipain Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His & SUMO) | Porphyromonas gingivalis | E. coli | ||
Cysteine proteinase with a strong preference for substrates with Lys in the P1 position. Hydrolyzes bovine hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, casein, human placental type I collagen and human IgA and IgG. Disrupts the functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. May act as a virulence factor in the development of peridontal disease. Involved in the coaggregation of P.gingivalis with other oral bacteria. Lys-gingipain Protein, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 56.6 kDa and the accession number is B2RLK2.
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TMPY-03971 | Statherin Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Statherin, also known as STATH, belongs to the histatin/statherin family. Statherin may play an important role in the maintenance of oral health. It prevents calcium phospate precipitation in saliva, so maintaining a high calcium level in saliva and preventing teeth from dissolving. Statherin also inhibits spontaneous precipitation of calcium phosphate salts. Thus, statherin and PRPs may prevent build-up of harmful deposits in the salivary glands and on the tooth surfaces. Statherin is a highly stable salivary protein of low molecular mass (5,380).
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TMPJ-00764 | Catalase/CAT Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Catalase (CAT) is a member of the catalase family. It exists as a homotetramer that occurs in almost all aerobically respiring organisms and serves to protect cells from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. Catalase is localized in the peroxisome. Catalase promotes growth of cells including T-cells, B-cells, myeloid leukemia cells, melanoma cells, mastocytoma cells, and normal and transformed fibroblast cells. Defects in CAT are the cause of acatalasemia which is characterized by absence of catalase activity in red cells and is associated with ulcerating oral lesions.
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TMPH-00331 | ALS3 Protein, Candida albicans, Recombinant (B2M & His & Myc) | Candida albicans | E. coli | ||
Cell surface adhesion protein which mediates both yeast-to-host tissue adherence and yeast aggregation. Plays an important role in the biofilm formation and pathogenesis of C.albicans infections. Necessary for C.albicans to bind to N-cadherin on endothelial cells and E-cadherin on oral epithelial cells and subsequent endocytosis by these cells. During disseminated infection, mediates initial trafficking to the brain and renal cortex and contributes to fungal persistence in the kidneys. ALS3 Protein, Candida albicans, Recombinant (B2M & His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-B2M and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is O74623.
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TMPJ-00160 | EMMPRIN/CD147 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN) belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, which has the homology to both the immunoglobulin V domain and MHC class II antigen β-chain. EMMPRIN is a transmembrane glycoprotein with different forms, resulting from different modes of glycosylation and N-terminal sequence variants. EMMPRIN can be expressed in breast cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, glioma, lymphoma, lung, bladder, and melanoma carcinomas cells. EMMPRIN promotes invasion, metastasis, growth, and survival of malignants cells, serves as a receptor for extracellular cyclophilinthe, may play a role in signal transduction.
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TMPJ-01207 | UPP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Uridinephosphorylase 1 (UPP1) is a member of the family of pentosyltransferase. UPP1 catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine to uracil. The expression levels and the enzymatic activity of UPP1 are higher in human solid tumors than in adjacent normal tissues. The high level of UPP1 expression in some tumors makes it a potential prognosticfactor for some cancers, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. UPP1 is important for the homeostatic regulation of intracellular and plasma uridine concentratios. UPP1 plays an important role in the pyrimidine salvage pathway through its catalysis of the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine to uracil.
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TMPY-03332 | PRTFDC1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
PRTFDC1 is a member of the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family. It can bind GMP, IMP and alpha-D-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). The epigenetic silencing of PRTFDC1 by hypermethylation of the CpG island leads to a loss of PRTFDC1 function, which might be involved in squamous cell oral carcinogenesis. PRTFDC1 is a genetic modifier of HPRT-deficiency in the mouse and has important implications for unraveling the molecular etiology of lesch-Nyhan disease(LND). LND is a severe X-linked neurological disorder caused by a deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. PRTFDC1 has a low, barely measurable phosphoribosyltransferase activity (in vitro).
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TMPJ-01372 | Cornulin Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Cornulin is a member of the fused gene family of molecular chaperones. Human Cornulin contains N-terminus EF-hand domains and Ca2+ binding domains, and two glutamine- and threonine-rich 60 amino acid repeats in its C-terminus. Cornulin involves in the mucosal/epithelial immune response and epidermal differentiation. Cornulin is a survival factor that participates in the clonogenicity of squamous esophageal epithelium cell lines, attenuates deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced apoptotic cell death and release of calcium. When Cornulin is overexpressed in oral squamous carcinoma cell lines, it regulates negatively cell proliferation by the induction of G1 arrest.
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TMPY-04170 | DEFB1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 Cells | ||
The DEFB1 gene, encoding for the constitutively expressed human beta-defensin 1 (hBD1) antimicrobial peptide is a potential candidate when studying genetic susceptibility to caries. DEFB1 genetic variations have been reported as contributing to hBD1 production impairment, leading to a greater susceptibility to be infected by oral pathogens, also leading to periodontitis. To counteract host immunity, Cryptosporidium parvum has evolved multiple strategies to suppress host antimicrobial defense. One such strategy is to reduce the production of the antimicrobial peptide beta-defensin 1 (DEFB1) by host epithelial cells. Beta-Defensin-1, an antimicrobial peptide encoded by the DEFB1 gene, is known to play an important role in lung mucosal immunity.
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TMPJ-01173 | TFF3 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 Cells | ||
Trefoil factors (TFF) are secretory products of mucin producing cells. They play a key role in the maintenance of the surface integrity of oral mucosa and enhance healing of the gastrointestinal mucosa by a process called restitution. TFF comprises the gastric peptides (TFF1), spasmolytic peptide (TFF2), and the intestinal trefoil factor (TFF3). They have an important and necessary role in epithelial restitution within the gastrointestinal tract. Members of the trefoil family are characterized by having at least one copy of the trefoil motif, a 40-amino acid domain that contains three conserved disulfide bonds. They are stable secretory proteins expressed in gastrointestinal mucosa. Trefoil Factor 3(TFF3) is involved in the maintenance and repair of the intestinal mucosa. TFF3 promotes the mobility of epithelial cells in healing processes (motogen).
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TMPH-00672 | Metalloprotease stcE Protein, E. coli O157:H7, Recombinant (His) | E. coli | E. coli | ||
Virulence factor that contributes to intimate adherence of enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) O157:H7 to host cells. Is able to cleave the secreted human mucin 7 (MUC7) and the glycoprotein 340 (DMBT1/GP340). Also cleaves human C1 inhibitor (SERPING1), a regulator of multiple inflammatory pathways, and binds and localizes it to bacterial and host cell surfaces, protecting them from complement-mediated lysis. Therefore, the current model proposes two roles for StcE during infection: it acts first as a mucinase, allowing passage of EHEC through the oral cavity by cleaving the salivary glycoproteins that are responsible for bacterial aggregation. Similarly, in the colon, StcE cleaves the glycoproteins that protect the intestinal epithelial surface, allowing EHEC to come into close contact with host cell membranes. Secondly, it acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by localizing SERPING1 to cell membranes.
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TMPY-02391 | SUMO1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Small ubiquitin-like modifier protein (SUMO) modification is a highly dynamic process, catalyzed by SUMO-specific activating (E1), conjugating (E2) and ligating (E3) enzymes, and reversed by a family of SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). Small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) is a member of the superfamily of ubiquitin-like proteins. Despite its structural similarity with ubiquitin, SUMO1 does not seem to play any role in protein degradation. SUMO1 plays an important role in modulation of NOX activity required for ROS generation. SUMO1 haploinsufficiency results in cleft lip and palate in animal models. SUMO1 gene variation in human non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) development. SUMO-1 may be useful as a novel target for therapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) as well as a clinical indicator for tumor recurrence together with Mdm2.
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TMPY-02220 | HRAS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Baculovirus Insect Cells | ||
HRas, also known as HRAS, belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Ras family, and is widely expressed. It functions in signal transduction pathways. HRas can bind GTP and GDP, and they have intrinsic GTPase activity. It undergoes a continuous cycle of de- and re-palmitoylation, which regulates its rapid exchange between the plasma membrane and the Golgi apparatus. Defects in HRAS are the cause of faciocutaneoskeletal syndrome (FCSS). FCSS is a rare condition characterized by prenatally increased growth, postnatal growth deficiency, mental retardation, distinctive facial appearance, cardiovascular abnormalities, tumor predisposition, skin, and musculoskeletal abnormalities. Defects in HRAS also can cause congenital myopathy with excess of muscle spindles. HRAS deficiency may be a cause of susceptibility to Hurthle cell thyroid carcinoma. It has been shown that defects in HRAS can cause susceptibility to bladder cancer which is a malignancy originating in tissues of the urinary bladder. It often presents with multiple tumors appearing at different times and different sites in the bladder. Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas. They begin in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder. Other types of bladder cancer include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). Bladder cancer is a complex disorder with both genetic and environmental influences. Defects in HRAS are the cause of oral squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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