目录号 | 产品详情 | 靶点 | |
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T68976 | |||
Piragliatin, also known as RO4389620, is a glucokinase activator. Piragliatin greatly enhances glucose-induced pancreatic islet respiration and insulin release. Piragliatin lowers plasma glucose both in the postabsorptive state and after a glucose challenge in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Piragliatin has an acute glucose-lowering action in patients with mild type 2 diabetes, mainly mediated through a generalized enhancement of β-cell function and through fasting restricted changes in glucose turnover. | |||
TN4997 | IGF-1R | ||
Serpentine 是一种玫瑰花根中的生物碱,可用作胰岛素增敏剂,以协助胰岛素降低血糖。Serpentine 可激活 AMPK 磷酸化,从而刺激C2C12细胞对葡萄糖的摄取。Serpentine 可增加了肌肉组织中GSK-3β mRNA的表达,从而增强葡萄糖摄取。Serpentine 显著增加胰高血糖素分泌和肝糖异生。在高脂肪饮食/链脲佐菌素(HFD/STZ)诱导的糖尿病小鼠中,Serpentine 显著延长了胰岛素的降血糖时间,显著降低了外源性胰岛素的使用,抑制了内源性胰岛素的分泌。 | |||
T35799 | |||
MBX-8025 is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ).1 It is greater than 750- and 2,500-fold selective for PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ. MBX-8025 (10 mg/kg per day for eight weeks) reduces increases in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, and decreases insulin resistance in Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) mice fed an atherogenic diet as a model of diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).2 It also decreases serum alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, levels and reduces markers of NASH in the same model. |1. Bays, H.E., Schwartz, S., Littlejohn, T., 3rd, et al. MBX-8025, a novel peroxisome proliferator receptor-δ agonist: Lipid and other metabolic effects in dyslipidemic overweight patients treated with and without atorvastatin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(9), 2889-2897 (2011).|2. Haczeyni, F., Wang, H., Barn, V., et al. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist seladelpar reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathology by abrogating lipotoxicity in diabetic obese mice. Hepatol. Commun. 1(7), 663-674 (2017). | |||
T68808 | |||
11-Dehydrocorticosterone is an endogenous mineralocorticoid. It increases Na+/K+-ATPase mRNA expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and inhibits aldosterone action in B. marinus toad bladder tissue in a concentration-dependent manner. 11-Dehydrocorticosterone decreases the sodium/creatine ratio and increases the potassium/creatine ratio in rat urine in a dose-dependent manner in a model of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition induced by carbenoxolone. Chronic administration 11-dehydrocorticosterone increases plasma glucocorticoids levels, body weight gain, and adiposity, as well as induces insulin resistance in mice. | |||
TN4094 | IL Receptor NF-κB ROS MAPK PPAR Fatty Acid Synthase | ||
Gallocatechin gallate has strong antioxidative, and anti-obesity activities, it inhibits 3T3-L1 differentiation and lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation through MAPK and NF-κB signaling; it also may have anti-diabetic effects by increasing sensitivity | |||
T36582 | |||
Glucocerebrosides are formed by the tethering of glucose to a ceramide by glucosylceramide synthase. They are present in neuronal and non-neuronal mammalian tissues and are found at low quantities in a large number of plant species. Glucocerebrosides are precursors in the synthesis of lactosylceramides and gangliosides. Increased levels of glucocerebrosides are associated with obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice and with neuronal deficits observed in neuronopathic Gaucher disease. This product is a mixture of glucocerebrosides, with variable ceramide chain lengths, isolated from a spleen of a human with Gaucher's disease. | |||
T36586 | |||
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to either a C-16 or C-18 hydroxy substituent. 12-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified at the 12th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. 12-PAHSA is present at 2- to 3-fold higher levels in adipose tissue of AG4OX mice compared to wild type mice. Levels of 12-PAHSA are also higher in fasted wild-type mice compared to fed mice and are reduced upon high-fat diet-induced obesity in insulin-resistant mice. | |||
T80007 | Phosphatase | ||
Stevisalioside A (Compound 2),一种从甜叶菊根提取的化合物,展现出抗糖尿病的口服活性。该化合物有效抑制PTP1B,IC50为526.8 μM,并能降低Stevisalioside A引起的高血糖小鼠血糖水平,改善餐后血糖峰值及口服葡萄糖和胰岛素耐量测试结果。 | |||
T36059 | |||
Dichlorphenamide-13C6is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of dichlorphenamide by GC- or LC-MS. Dichlorphenamide is a sulfonamide and an orally bioavailable carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor (Kis = 1.20, 38, 50, and 50 nM for the human CA isoforms CAI, CAII, CAIX, and CAXII, respectively).1It lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits when 50 μl of a 10% solution is applied topically to the eye.2Dichlorphenamide rescues the potassium deficiency and prevents insulin-induced paralysis in a rat model of familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis when administered at a dose of 5.6 mg/kg per day for ten days.3Formulations containing dichlorphenamide have been used in the treatment of glaucoma and primary periodic paralysis. | |||
T82254 | Histone Demethylase | ||
GSK-LSD1是一种LSD1抑制剂,能够降低肥胖小鼠模型的摄食量和体重,同时提升胰岛素敏感性与血糖控制。此外,GSK-LSD1对NAFLD也有改善作用,并能抑制COVID-19患者PBMC中SARS-CoV-2诱导的细胞因子释放。GSK-LSD1对抑制癌症的生长与转移也显示出潜在效果。 |
目录号 | 产品名/同用名 | 种属 | 表达系统 | ||
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TMPY-06982 | IGF1/IGF-I Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
IGF I, also known as Mechano Growth Factor, somatomedin-C, IGF-I, and IGF1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. The insulin family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II ( IGF-I and IGF-II ), and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth. IGF-I expression is regulated by GH and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. IGF1 / IGF-I may be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. IGF1 / IGF-I stimulates glucose transport in rat bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also about enhancing glucose uptake. Defects in IGF1 / IGF-I are the cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency (IGF1 deficiency) which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
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TMPY-04878 | IGF1/IGF-I Protein, Mouse, Recombinant | Mouse | Yeast | ||
IGF I, also known as Mechano Growth Factor, somatomedin-C, IGF-I, and IGF1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. The insulin family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II ( IGF-I and IGF-II ), and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth. IGF-I expression is regulated by GH and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. IGF1 / IGF-I may be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. IGF1 / IGF-I stimulates glucose transport in rat bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also about enhancing glucose uptake. Defects in IGF1 / IGF-I are the cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency (IGF1 deficiency) which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
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TMPY-04699 | GAD65 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
Glutamate decarboxylase 2, also known as glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform, 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD2 and GAD65, is a member of thegroup II decarboxylase family. GAD2 is identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantibody and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. GAD2 is implicated in the formation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake. GABA is synthesized in brain by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (Gad), GAD1 and GAD2. GAD1 provides most of the GABA in brain, but GAD2 can be rapidly activated in times of high GABA demand. Mice lacking GAD2 are viable whereas deletion of GAD1 is lethal. Deletion of GAD2 increased ethanol palatability and intake and slightly reduced the severity of ethanol-induced withdrawal.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-03523 | ANGPTL4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
ANGPTL4, also known as ANGPTL2, is a protein with hypoxia-induced expression in endothelial cells. It contains 1 fibrinogen C-terminal domain and is expressed at high levels in the placenta, heart, liver, muscle, pancreas and lung but expressed poorly in the brain and kidney. ANGPTL4 inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. It may act as a regulator of angiogenesis and modulate tumorigenesis. It inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. It may also exert a protective function on endothelial cells through an endocrine action. ANGPTL4 is directly involved in regulating glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. In response to hypoxia, the unprocessed form of the protein accumulates in the subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix-associated and immobilized unprocessed form limits the formation of actin stress fibers and focal contacts in the adhering endothelial cells and inhibits their adhesion. It also decreases motility of endothelial cells and inhibits the sprouting and tube formation.
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TMPY-05841 | SIRP alpha Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) | Cynomolgus | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-02632 | SIRP alpha Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06051 | SIRP alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06052 | SIRP alpha V2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-01573 | SIRP alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (G75A, His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06479 | Cathepsin H Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Proinflammatory cytokines decreased the expression of CTSH in human islets and primary rat beta-cells, and overexpression of CTSH protected insulin-secreting cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis.
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TMPY-04081 | Cathepsin H Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 | ||
Proinflammatory cytokines decreased the expression of CTSH in human islets and primary rat beta-cells, and overexpression of CTSH protected insulin-secreting cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis.
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TMPY-04942 | IGF1 LR3 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | Yeast | ||
IGF I, also known as Mechano Growth Factor, somatomedin-C, IGF-I, and IGF1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. The insulin family, comprised of insulin, relaxin, insulin-like growth factors I and II ( IGF-I and IGF-II ), and possibly the beta-subunit of 7S nerve growth factor, represents a group of structurally related polypeptides whose biological functions have diverged. The IGFs, or somatomedins, constitute a class of polypeptides that have a key role in pre-adolescent mammalian growth. IGF-I expression is regulated by GH and mediates postnatal growth, while IGF-II appears to be induced by placental lactogen during prenatal development. IGF1 / IGF-I may be a physiological regulator of [1-14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) transport and glycogen synthesis in osteoblasts. IGF1 / IGF-I stimulates glucose transport in rat bone-derived osteoblastic (PyMS) cells and is effective at much lower concentrations than insulin, not only regarding glycogen and DNA synthesis but also about enhancing glucose uptake. Defects in IGF1 / IGF-I are the cause of insulin-like growth factor I deficiency (IGF1 deficiency) which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by growth retardation, sensorineural deafness, and mental retardation.
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TMPJ-00715 | FGF-19 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is a secreted protein which belongs to the FGFs family. FGF19 is expressed in fetal brain, cartilage, retina, and adult gall bladder. FGFs modulate cellular activity via at least 5 distinct subfamilies of high-affinity FGF receptors (FGFRs): FGFR-1, -2, -3, and -4, all with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. FGFRs can be important for regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis. FGF19 has important roles as a hormone produced in the ileum in response to bile acid absorption. It has been shown to cause resistance to diet-induced obesity and insulin desensitization and to improve insulin, glucose, and lipid profiles in diabetic rodents. FGF19 can be considered as a regulator of energy expenditure.
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TMPJ-00190 | CD38 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) | Mouse | Human Cells | ||
CD38, also called ADP-ribosyl cyclase, is a Type II integral membrane protein with 301 amino acids in length that belongs to the ADP-ribosyl cyclase family.It synthesizes the second messagers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. And also moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. CD38 is expressed in B and T lymphocytes, osteoclasts, and in cardiac, pancreatic, liver and kidney cells. Through its production of cyclic ADP-ribose, CD38 modulates calcium-mediated signal transduction in many types of cells, including neutrophils and pancreatic beta cells.
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TMPY-04394 | Glucokinase Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | E. coli | ||
Glucokinase belongs to the bacterial glucokinase family. Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three tissue-specific forms of glucokinase, one found in pancreatic islet beta cells and two found in liver. The protein localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. Mutations in this gene have been associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY2) and persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI). It can Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when glucose is abundant. The role of GCK is to provide G6P for the synthesis of glycogen. Pancreatic glucokinase plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion. Hepatic glucokinase helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage. It has a pivotal role as glucose sensor of the pancreatic beta-cells. Glucokinase explains the capacity, hexose specificity, affinities, sigmoidicity, and anomeric preference of pancreatic islet glycolysis, and because stimulation of glucose metabolism is a prerequisite of glucose stimulation of insulin release, glucokinase also explains many characteristics of this beta-cell function. Glucokinase of the beta-cell is induced or activated by glucose in contrast to liver glucokinase, which is regulated by insulin. Tissue-specific regulation corresponds with observations that liver and pancreatic beta-cell glucokinase are structurally distinct. Glucokinase could play a glucose-sensor role in hepatocytes as well, and certain forms of diabetes mellitus might be due to glucokinase deficiencies in pancreatic beta-cells, hepatocytes, or both.
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TMPY-01590 | GAD65 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & GST) | Mouse | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
Glutamate decarboxylase 2, also known as glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform, 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD2 and GAD65, is a member of thegroup II decarboxylase family. GAD2 is identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantibody and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. GAD2 is implicated in the formation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake. GABA is synthesized in brain by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (Gad), GAD1 and GAD2. GAD1 provides most of the GABA in brain, but GAD2 can be rapidly activated in times of high GABA demand. Mice lacking GAD2 are viable whereas deletion of GAD1 is lethal. Deletion of GAD2 increased ethanol palatability and intake and slightly reduced the severity of ethanol-induced withdrawal.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-02194 | SOCS3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Trx) | Human | E. coli | ||
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, also known as SOCS-3, Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein 3, CIS-3, STAT-induced STAT inhibitor 3, SOCS3 and CIS3, is a protein which is widely expressed with high expression in heart, placenta, skeletal muscle, peripheral blood leukocytes, fetal and adult lung, and fetal liver and kidney. SOCS3 / CIS3 contains one SH2 domain and one SOCS box domain. SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. SOCS3 / CIS3 is involved in negative regulation of cytokines that signal through the JAK / STAT pathway. SOCS3 / CIS3 inhibits cytokine signal transduction by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors including gp13, LIF, erythropoietin, insulin, IL12, GCSF and leptin receptors. Binding to JAK2 inhibits its kinase activity. SOCS3 / CIS3 suppresses fetal liver erythropoiesis. It regulates onset and maintenance of allergic responses mediated by T-helper type 2 cells. SOCS3 / CIS3 regulates IL-6 signaling. SOCS3 / CIS3 interacts with multiple activated proteins of the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway including IGF1 receptor, insulin receptor and JAK2. SOCS3 / CIS3 could be used as a possible therapeutic agent for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
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TMPH-01092 | CHGA Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Yeast | ||
Strongly inhibits glucose induced insulin release from the pancreas.; Inhibits catecholamine release from chromaffin cells and noradrenergic neurons by acting as a non-competitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist. Displays antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria S.aureus and M.luteus, and Gram-negative bacteria E.coli and P.aeruginosa. Can induce mast cell migration, degranulation and production of cytokines and chemokines. Acts as a potent scavenger of free radicals in vitro. May play a role in the regulation of cardiac function and blood pressure.; Regulates granule biogenesis in endocrine cells by up-regulating the transcription of protease nexin 1 (SERPINE2) via a cAMP-PKA-SP1 pathway. This leads to inhibition of granule protein degradation in the Golgi complex which in turn promotes granule formation.
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TMPY-03515 | GAD65 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant | Mouse | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
Glutamate decarboxylase 2, also known as glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform, 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD2 and GAD65, is a member of thegroup II decarboxylase family. GAD2 is identified as a major autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 is responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the human pancreas since it has been identified as an autoantibody and an autoreactive T cell target in insulin-dependent diabetes. GAD2 may also play a role in the stiff man syndrome. GAD2 is implicated in the formation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake. GABA is synthesized in brain by two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (Gad), GAD1 and GAD2. GAD1 provides most of the GABA in brain, but GAD2 can be rapidly activated in times of high GABA demand. Mice lacking GAD2 are viable whereas deletion of GAD1 is lethal. Deletion of GAD2 increased ethanol palatability and intake and slightly reduced the severity of ethanol-induced withdrawal.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPH-01556 | EIF2AK2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Yeast | ||
IFN-induced dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha) and plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection. Inhibits viral replication via the integrated stress response (ISR): EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation in response to viral infection converts EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha in a global protein synthesis inhibitor, resulting to a shutdown of cellular and viral protein synthesis, while concomitantly initiating the preferential translation of ISR-specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4. Exerts its antiviral activity on a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses including hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), measles virus (MV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1). Also involved in the regulation of signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation: phosphorylates other substrates including p53/TP53, PPP2R5A, DHX9, ILF3, IRS1 and the HHV-1 viral protein US11. In addition to serine/threonine-protein kinase activity, also has tyrosine-protein kinase activity and phosphorylates CDK1 at 'Tyr-4' upon DNA damage, facilitating its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation. Either as an adapter protein and/or via its kinase activity, can regulate various signaling pathways (p38 MAP kinase, NF-kappa-B and insulin signaling pathways) and transcription factors (JUN, STAT1, STAT3, IRF1, ATF3) involved in the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines and IFNs. Activates the NF-kappa-B pathway via interaction with IKBKB and TRAF family of proteins and activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway via interaction with MAP2K6. Can act as both a positive and negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway (ISP). Negatively regulates ISP by inducing the inhibitory phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) at 'Ser-312' and positively regulates ISP via phosphorylation of PPP2R5A which activates FOXO1, which in turn up-regulates the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2). Can regulate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasomes. Plays a role in the regulation of the cytoskeleton by binding to gelsolin (GSN), sequestering the protein in an inactive conformation away from actin.
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TMPY-00150 | IGF2/IGF-II Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | Yeast | ||
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2/IGF-II) is a member of the insulin family of polypeptide growth factors, which are involved in development and growth. It is an imprinted gene, expressed only from the paternal allele, and epigenetic changes at this locus are associated with Wilms tumor, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Silver-Russell syndrome. IGF-2/IGF-II is a mediator of prolactin-induced alveologenesis; prolactin, IGF-2, and cyclin D1, all of which are overexpressed in breast cancers, are components of a developmental pathway in the mammary gland. IGF-2 and exhibited statistically significant, positive associations with colorectal cancer risk when cases were confined to those diagnosed within a relatively short period after enrolment. Circulating IGF-2 and IGFBP-3 can serve as early indicators of impending colorectal cancer. IGF-2/IGF-II appears to be involved in the progression of many tumors. It binds to at least two different types of receptors: IGF type 1 (IGF 1R) and mannose 6-phosphate/IGF type 2 (M6-P/IGF 2R). Ligand binding to IGF 1R provokes mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects. M6-P/IGF 2R has a tumor suppressor function—it mediates IGF 2 degradation. Mutation of M6-P/IGF 2R causes both diminished growth suppression and augmented growth stimulation. This study aimed to investigate the role of IGF 2 and its receptors (IGF 1R and IGF 2R) in human gastric cancer.
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TMPY-04813 | ACAT2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) | Rat | E. coli | ||
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular enzyme that produces cholesteryl esters in various tissues. In mammals, two ACAT genes (ACAT1 and ACAT2) have been identified. Together, these two enzymes are involved in storing cholesteryl esters as lipid droplets, in macrophage foam-cell formation, in absorbing dietary cholesterol, and in supplying cholesteryl esters as part of the core lipid for lipoprotein synthesis and assembly. The key difference in tissue distribution of ACAT1 and ACAT2 between humans, mice and monkeys is that, in adult human liver (including hepatocytes and bile duct cells), the major enzyme is ACAT1, rather than ACAT2. There is compelling evidence implicating a role for ACAT1 in macrophage foam-cell formation, and for ACAT2 in intestinal cholesterol absorption.Ubiquitin linkage to cysteine is an unconventional modification targeting protein for degradation. However, the physiological regulation of cysteine ubiquitylation is still mysterious. Here we found that ACAT2, a cellular enzyme converting cholesterol and fatty acid to cholesteryl esters, was ubiquitylated on Cys277 for degradation when the lipid level was low. gp78-Insigs catalysed Lys48-linked polyubiquitylation on this Cys277. A high concentration of cholesterol and fatty acid, however, induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that oxidized Cys277, resulting in ACAT2 stabilization and subsequently elevated cholesteryl esters. Furthermore, ACAT2 knockout mice were more susceptible to high-fat diet-associated insulin resistance. By contrast, expression of a constitutively stable form of ACAT2 (C277A) resulted in higher insulin sensitivity. ACAT2 is an appealing target for therapy to reduce coronary heart disease.
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TMPY-04030 | ANGPTL4 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) | Mouse | HEK293 | ||
ANGPTL4, also known as ANGPTL2, is a protein with hypoxia-induced expression in endothelial cells. It contains 1 fibrinogen C-terminal domain and is expressed at high levels in the placenta, heart, liver, muscle, pancreas and lung but expressed poorly in the brain and kidney. ANGPTL4 inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. It may act as a regulator of angiogenesis and modulate tumorigenesis. It inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. It may also exert a protective function on endothelial cells through an endocrine action. ANGPTL4 is directly involved in regulating glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. In response to hypoxia, the unprocessed form of the protein accumulates in the subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix-associated and immobilized unprocessed form limits the formation of actin stress fibers and focal contacts in the adhering endothelial cells and inhibits their adhesion. It also decreases motility of endothelial cells and inhibits the sprouting and tube formation.
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TMPY-02878 | ANGPTL4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
ANGPTL4, also known as ANGPTL2, is a protein with hypoxia-induced expression in endothelial cells. It contains 1 fibrinogen C-terminal domain and is expressed at high levels in the placenta, heart, liver, muscle, pancreas and lung but expressed poorly in the brain and kidney. ANGPTL4 inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. It may act as a regulator of angiogenesis and modulate tumorigenesis. It inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. It may also exert a protective function on endothelial cells through an endocrine action. ANGPTL4 is directly involved in regulating glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. In response to hypoxia, the unprocessed form of the protein accumulates in the subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM). The matrix-associated and immobilized unprocessed form limits the formation of actin stress fibers and focal contacts in the adhering endothelial cells and inhibits their adhesion. It also decreases motility of endothelial cells and inhibits the sprouting and tube formation.
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TMPH-01502 | Humanin Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) | Human | E. coli | ||
Plays a role as a neuroprotective factor. Protects against neuronal cell death induced by multiple different familial Alzheimer disease genes and amyloid-beta proteins in Alzheimer disease. Mediates its neuroprotective effect by interacting with a receptor complex composed of IL6ST/GP130, IL27RA/WSX1 and CNTFR. Also acts as a ligand for G-protein coupled receptors FPR2/FPRL1 and FPR3/FPRL2. Inhibits amyloid-beta protein 40 fibril formation. Also inhibits amyloid-beta protein 42 fibril formation. Suppresses apoptosis by binding to BAX and preventing the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria. Also suppresses apoptosis by binding to BID and inhibiting the interaction of BID with BAX and BAK which prevents oligomerization of BAX and BAK and suppresses release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Forms fibers with BAX and also with BID, inducing BAX and BID conformational changes and sequestering them into the fibers which prevents their activation. Can also suppress apoptosis by interacting with BIM isoform BimEL, inhibiting BimEL-induced activation of BAX, blocking oligomerization of BAX and BAK, and preventing release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Plays a role in up-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein BIRC6/APOLLON, leading to inhibition of neuronal cell death. Binds to IGFBP3 and specifically blocks IGFBP3-induced cell death. Competes with importin KPNB1 for binding to IGFBP3 which is likely to block IGFBP3 nuclear import. Induces chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes via FPR2/FPRL1. Reduces aggregation and fibrillary formation by suppressing the effect of APP on mononuclear phagocytes and acts by competitively inhibiting the access of FPR2 to APP. Protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells against oxidative stress-induced and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in RPE cells following oxidative stress and promotes STAT3 phosphorylation which leads to inhibition of CASP3 release. Also reduces CASP4 levels in RPE cells, suppresses ER stress-induced mitochondrial superoxide production and plays a role in up-regulation of mitochondrial glutathione. Reduces testicular hormone deprivation-induced apoptosis of germ cells at the nonandrogen-sensitive stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. Protects endothelial cells against free fatty acid-induced inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress, reducing expression of TXNIP and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18. Protects against high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by mediating activation of ERK5 which leads to increased expression of transcription factor KLF2 and prevents monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Inhibits the inflammatory response in astrocytes. Increases the expression of PPARGC1A/PGC1A in pancreatic beta cells which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Increases insulin sensitivity.
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TMPH-03208 | IL-6 Protein, Rabbit, Recombinant (His) | Rabbit | Yeast | ||
Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions in immunity, tissue regeneration, and metabolism. Binds to IL6R, then the complex associates to the signaling subunit IL6ST/gp130 to trigger the intracellular IL6-signaling pathway. The interaction with the membrane-bound IL6R and IL6ST stimulates 'classic signaling', whereas the binding of IL6 and soluble IL6R to IL6ST stimulates 'trans-signaling'. Alternatively, 'cluster signaling' occurs when membrane-bound IL6:IL6R complexes on transmitter cells activate IL6ST receptors on neighboring receiver cells.; IL6 is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Rapid production of IL6 contributes to host defense during infection and tissue injury, but excessive IL6 synthesis is involved in disease pathology. In the innate immune response, is synthesized by myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, upon recognition of pathogens through toll-like receptors (TLRs) at the site of infection or tissue injury. In the adaptive immune response, is required for the differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Plays a major role in the differentiation of CD4(+) T cell subsets. Essential factor for the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are required for the induction of germinal-center formation. Required to drive naive CD4(+) T cells to the Th17 lineage. Also required for proliferation of myeloma cells and the survival of plasmablast cells.; Acts as an essential factor in bone homeostasis and on vessels directly or indirectly by induction of VEGF, resulting in increased angiogenesis activity and vascular permeability. Induces, through 'trans-signaling' and synergistically with IL1B and TNF, the production of VEGF. Involved in metabolic controls, is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction increasing lipolysis and improving insulin resistance. 'Trans-signaling' in central nervous system also regulates energy and glucose homeostasis. Mediates, through GLP-1, crosstalk between insulin-sensitive tissues, intestinal L cells and pancreatic islets to adapt to changes in insulin demand. Also acts as a myokine. Plays a protective role during liver injury, being required for maintenance of tissue regeneration. Also has a pivotal role in iron metabolism by regulating HAMP/hepcidin expression upon inflammation or bacterial infection. Through activation of IL6ST-YAP-NOTCH pathway, induces inflammation-induced epithelial regeneration.
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TMPH-01503 | Humanin Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Plays a role as a neuroprotective factor. Protects against neuronal cell death induced by multiple different familial Alzheimer disease genes and amyloid-beta proteins in Alzheimer disease. Mediates its neuroprotective effect by interacting with a receptor complex composed of IL6ST/GP130, IL27RA/WSX1 and CNTFR. Also acts as a ligand for G-protein coupled receptors FPR2/FPRL1 and FPR3/FPRL2. Inhibits amyloid-beta protein 40 fibril formation. Also inhibits amyloid-beta protein 42 fibril formation. Suppresses apoptosis by binding to BAX and preventing the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria. Also suppresses apoptosis by binding to BID and inhibiting the interaction of BID with BAX and BAK which prevents oligomerization of BAX and BAK and suppresses release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Forms fibers with BAX and also with BID, inducing BAX and BID conformational changes and sequestering them into the fibers which prevents their activation. Can also suppress apoptosis by interacting with BIM isoform BimEL, inhibiting BimEL-induced activation of BAX, blocking oligomerization of BAX and BAK, and preventing release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Plays a role in up-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein BIRC6/APOLLON, leading to inhibition of neuronal cell death. Binds to IGFBP3 and specifically blocks IGFBP3-induced cell death. Competes with importin KPNB1 for binding to IGFBP3 which is likely to block IGFBP3 nuclear import. Induces chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes via FPR2/FPRL1. Reduces aggregation and fibrillary formation by suppressing the effect of APP on mononuclear phagocytes and acts by competitively inhibiting the access of FPR2 to APP. Protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells against oxidative stress-induced and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in RPE cells following oxidative stress and promotes STAT3 phosphorylation which leads to inhibition of CASP3 release. Also reduces CASP4 levels in RPE cells, suppresses ER stress-induced mitochondrial superoxide production and plays a role in up-regulation of mitochondrial glutathione. Reduces testicular hormone deprivation-induced apoptosis of germ cells at the nonandrogen-sensitive stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. Protects endothelial cells against free fatty acid-induced inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress, reducing expression of TXNIP and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18. Protects against high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by mediating activation of ERK5 which leads to increased expression of transcription factor KLF2 and prevents monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Inhibits the inflammatory response in astrocytes. Increases the expression of PPARGC1A/PGC1A in pancreatic beta cells which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Increases insulin sensitivity.
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TMPH-03500 | IL-6 Protein, Sheep, Recombinant (GST) | Sheep | E. coli | ||
Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions in immunity, tissue regeneration, and metabolism. Binds to IL6R, then the complex associates to the signaling subunit IL6ST/gp130 to trigger the intracellular IL6-signaling pathway. The interaction with the membrane-bound IL6R and IL6ST stimulates 'classic signaling', whereas the binding of IL6 and soluble IL6R to IL6ST stimulates 'trans-signaling'. Alternatively, 'cluster signaling' occurs when membrane-bound IL6:IL6R complexes on transmitter cells activate IL6ST receptors on neighboring receiver cells.; IL6 is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Rapid production of IL6 contributes to host defense during infection and tissue injury, but excessive IL6 synthesis is involved in disease pathology. In the innate immune response, is synthesized by myeloid cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, upon recognition of pathogens through toll-like receptors (TLRs) at the site of infection or tissue injury. In the adaptive immune response, is required for the differentiation of B cells into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Plays a major role in the differentiation of CD4(+) T cell subsets. Essential factor for the development of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that are required for the induction of germinal-center formation. Required to drive naive CD4(+) T cells to the Th17 lineage. Also required for proliferation of myeloma cells and the survival of plasmablast cells.; Acts as an essential factor in bone homeostasis and on vessels directly or indirectly by induction of VEGF, resulting in increased angiogenesis activity and vascular permeability. Induces, through 'trans-signaling' and synergistically with IL1B and TNF, the production of VEGF. Involved in metabolic controls, is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction increasing lipolysis and improving insulin resistance. 'Trans-signaling' in central nervous system also regulates energy and glucose homeostasis. Mediates, through GLP-1, crosstalk between insulin-sensitive tissues, intestinal L cells and pancreatic islets to adapt to changes in insulin demand. Also acts as a myokine. Plays a protective role during liver injury, being required for maintenance of tissue regeneration. Also has a pivotal role in iron metabolism by regulating HAMP/hepcidin expression upon inflammation or bacterial infection. Through activation of IL6ST-YAP-NOTCH pathway, induces inflammation-induced epithelial regeneration.
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TMPY-00950 | WISP1/CCN4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
CCN4/Wnt-induced secreted protein 1 (WISP1) is a secreted, cysteine-rich, heparin-binding glycoprotein, belonging to the CCN (CTGF/CYR61/NOV) family of growth factors, and is involved in diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, migration, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and regulation of extracellular matrix. Members of the CCN family demonstrate high structural homology sharing four conserved cysteine-rich modular domains: an IGFBP (insulin-like growth factor-binding) domain, a von Willebrand type C domain, a thrombospondin domain and a C-terminal cysteine -knot domain. WISP1 is a putative downstream effector of the Wnt/Frizzled pathway that mediates diverse developmental processes, was identified as an oncogene regulated by the Wnt-1-beta-catenin pathway. Thus WISP1 may contribute to Wnt-1-mediated tumorigenesis and malignance. Expression of WISP1 in some cells results in transformation and tumorigenesis. WISP1 acts to block cell death at a late stage in the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway. It was reported that WISP1 interacts with sulfated glycoconjugates, decorin and biglycan in the ECM of connective tissue, and possibly prevents their inhibitory activity in tumor cell proliferation.
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TMPY-04392 | RSK3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-2, also known as 9 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 2, MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 1c, MAPK-activated protein kinase 1c, Ribosomal S6 kinase 3, RSK-3, RPS6KA2 and MAPKAPK1C, is a nucleus protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family and S6 kinase subfamily. RPS6KA2 / RSK-3 is expressed in many tissues. Highest expression is in lung and skeletal muscle. The expression of RPS6KA2 reduced proliferation, caused G1 arrest, increased apoptosis, reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and altered other cell cycle proteins. RPS6KA2 / RSK-3 contains one AGC-kinase C-terminal domain and two protein kinase domains. It forms a complex with either ERK1 or ERK2 in quiescent cells. It transiently dissociates following mitogenic stimulation. RPS6KA2 / RSK-3 is a serine/threonine kinase that may play a role in mediating the growth-factor and stress induced activation of the transcription factor CREB. RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KB1, RPS6KB2, and PDK1 are involved in several pathways central to the carcinogenic process, including regulation of cell growth, insulin, and inflammation.
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TMPY-03666 | SIRP alpha Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) | Rat | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06054 | SIRP alpha V8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06248 | SIRP alpha V2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-02636 | SIRP alpha Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) | Mouse | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06053 | SIRP alpha V2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06284 | SIRP alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & Avi), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-05126 | SIRP alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (G75A, His), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-05745 | SIRP alpha Protein, Rat, Recombinant (hFc) | Rat | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-06055 | SIRP alpha V8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPY-05263 | SIRP alpha Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1, also known as SHP substrate 1, Inhibitory receptor SHPS-1, Brain Ig-like molecule with tyrosine-based activation motifs, Macrophage fusion receptor, CD172 antigen-like family member A, SIRPA and CD172a, is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains two Ig-like C1-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains and one Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. SIRPA is ubiquitously expressed. It is highly expressed in brain and detected at lower levels in heart, placenta, lung, testis, ovary, colon, liver, small intestine, prostate, spleen, kidney, skeletal muscle and pancreas. It is also detected on myeloid cells, but not T-cells. SIRPA is an immunoglobulin-like cell surface receptor for CD47. SIRPA acts as docking protein and induces translocation of PTPN6, PTPN11 and other binding partners from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. SIRPA supports adhesion of cerebellar neurons, neurite outgrowth and glial cell attachment. It may play a key role in intracellular signaling during synaptogenesis and in synaptic function. SIRPA is involved in the negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled cellular responses induced by cell adhesion, growth factors or insulin. It mediates negative regulation of phagocytosis, mast cell activation and dendritic cell activation.Cancer ImmunotherapyCo-inhibitory Immune Checkpoint TargetsImmune CheckpointImmune Checkpoint Detection: ELISA AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: FCM AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IHC AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: IP AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint Detection: WB AntibodiesImmune Checkpoint TargetsImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy
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TMPH-01606 | BAG6 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Human | Baculovirus | ||
ATP-independent molecular chaperone preventing the aggregation of misfolded and hydrophobic patches-containing proteins. Functions as part of a cytosolic protein quality control complex, the BAG6/BAT3 complex, which maintains these client proteins in a soluble state and participates in their proper delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum or alternatively can promote their sorting to the proteasome where they undergo degradation. The BAG6/BAT3 complex is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored/type II transmembrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Recruited to ribosomes, it interacts with the transmembrane region of newly synthesized tail-anchored proteins and together with SGTA and ASNA1 mediates their delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum. Client proteins that cannot be properly delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum are ubiquitinated by RNF126, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase associated with BAG6 and are sorted to the proteasome. SGTA which prevents the recruitment of RNF126 to BAG6 may negatively regulate the ubiquitination and the proteasomal degradation of client proteins. Similarly, the BAG6/BAT3 complex also functions as a sorting platform for proteins of the secretory pathway that are mislocalized to the cytosol either delivering them to the proteasome for degradation or to the endoplasmic reticulum. The BAG6/BAT3 complex also plays a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), a quality control mechanism that eliminates unwanted proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum through their retrotranslocation to the cytosol and their targeting to the proteasome. It maintains these retrotranslocated proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition in the cytosol to ensure their proper delivery to the proteasome. BAG6 is also required for selective ubiquitin-mediated degradation of defective nascent chain polypeptides by the proteasome. In this context, it may participate in the production of antigenic peptides and play a role in antigen presentation in immune response. BAG6 is also involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. BAG6 may ensure the proper degradation of these proteins and thereby protects the endoplasmic reticulum from protein overload upon stress. By inhibiting the polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of HSPA2 it may also play a role in the assembly of the synaptonemal complex during spermatogenesis. Also positively regulates apoptosis by interacting with and stabilizing the proapoptotic factor AIFM1. By controlling the steady-state expression of the IGF1R receptor, indirectly regulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.; Involved in DNA damage-induced apoptosis: following DNA damage, accumulates in the nucleus and forms a complex with p300/EP300, enhancing p300/EP300-mediated p53/TP53 acetylation leading to increase p53/TP53 transcriptional activity. When nuclear, may also act as a component of some chromatin regulator complex that regulates histone 3 'Lys-4' dimethylation (H3K4me2).; Released extracellularly via exosomes, it is a ligand of the natural killer/NK cells receptor NCR3 and stimulates NK cells cytotoxicity. It may thereby trigger NK cells cytotoxicity against neighboring tumor cells and immature myeloid dendritic cells (DC).; Mediates ricin-induced apoptosis.
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TMPH-01605 | BAG6 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His & Myc) | Human | E. coli | ||
ATP-independent molecular chaperone preventing the aggregation of misfolded and hydrophobic patches-containing proteins. Functions as part of a cytosolic protein quality control complex, the BAG6/BAT3 complex, which maintains these client proteins in a soluble state and participates in their proper delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum or alternatively can promote their sorting to the proteasome where they undergo degradation. The BAG6/BAT3 complex is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored/type II transmembrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Recruited to ribosomes, it interacts with the transmembrane region of newly synthesized tail-anchored proteins and together with SGTA and ASNA1 mediates their delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum. Client proteins that cannot be properly delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum are ubiquitinated by RNF126, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase associated with BAG6 and are sorted to the proteasome. SGTA which prevents the recruitment of RNF126 to BAG6 may negatively regulate the ubiquitination and the proteasomal degradation of client proteins. Similarly, the BAG6/BAT3 complex also functions as a sorting platform for proteins of the secretory pathway that are mislocalized to the cytosol either delivering them to the proteasome for degradation or to the endoplasmic reticulum. The BAG6/BAT3 complex also plays a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), a quality control mechanism that eliminates unwanted proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum through their retrotranslocation to the cytosol and their targeting to the proteasome. It maintains these retrotranslocated proteins in an unfolded yet soluble state condition in the cytosol to ensure their proper delivery to the proteasome. BAG6 is also required for selective ubiquitin-mediated degradation of defective nascent chain polypeptides by the proteasome. In this context, it may participate in the production of antigenic peptides and play a role in antigen presentation in immune response. BAG6 is also involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pre-emptive quality control, a mechanism that selectively attenuates the translocation of newly synthesized proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum and reroutes them to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. BAG6 may ensure the proper degradation of these proteins and thereby protects the endoplasmic reticulum from protein overload upon stress. By inhibiting the polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of HSPA2 it may also play a role in the assembly of the synaptonemal complex during spermatogenesis. Also positively regulates apoptosis by interacting with and stabilizing the proapoptotic factor AIFM1. By controlling the steady-state expression of the IGF1R receptor, indirectly regulates the insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway.; Involved in DNA damage-induced apoptosis: following DNA damage, accumulates in the nucleus and forms a complex with p300/EP300, enhancing p300/EP300-mediated p53/TP53 acetylation leading to increase p53/TP53 transcriptional activity. When nuclear, may also act as a component of some chromatin regulator complex that regulates histone 3 'Lys-4' dimethylation (H3K4me2).; Released extracellularly via exosomes, it is a ligand of the natural killer/NK cells receptor NCR3 and stimulates NK cells cytotoxicity. It may thereby trigger NK cells cytotoxicity against neighboring tumor cells and immature myeloid dendritic cells (DC).; Mediates ricin-induced apoptosis.
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TMPH-03274 | ATF-4 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Rat | E. coli | ||
Transcription factor that binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'-GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3') and displays two biological functions, as regulator of metabolic and redox processes under normal cellular conditions, and as master transcription factor during integrated stress response (ISR). Binds to asymmetric CRE's as a heterodimer and to palindromic CRE's as a homodimer. Core effector of the ISR, which is required for adaptation to various stress such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, amino acid starvation, mitochondrial stress or oxidative stress. During ISR, ATF4 translation is induced via an alternative ribosome translation re-initiation mechanism in response to EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation, and stress-induced ATF4 acts as a master transcription factor of stress-responsive genes in order to promote cell recovery. Promotes the transcription of genes linked to amino acid sufficiency and resistance to oxidative stress to protect cells against metabolic consequences of ER oxidation. Activates the transcription of NLRP1, possibly in concert with other factors in response to ER stress. Activates the transcription of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) in response to amino acid deprivation or ER stress. However, when associated with DDIT3/CHOP, the transcriptional activation of the ASNS gene is inhibited in response to amino acid deprivation. Together with DDIT3/CHOP, mediates programmed cell death by promoting the expression of genes involved in cellular amino acid metabolic processes, mRNA translation and the terminal unfolded protein response (terminal UPR), a cellular response that elicits programmed cell death when ER stress is prolonged and unresolved. Together with DDIT3/CHOP, activates the transcription of the IRS-regulator TRIB3 and promotes ER stress-induced neuronal cell death by regulating the expression of BBC3/PUMA in response to ER stress. May cooperate with the UPR transcriptional regulator QRICH1 to regulate ER protein homeostasis which is critical for cell viability in response to ER stress. In the absence of stress, ATF4 translation is at low levels and it is required for normal metabolic processes such as embryonic lens formation, fetal liver hematopoiesis, bone development and synaptic plasticity. Acts as a regulator of osteoblast differentiation in response to phosphorylation by RPS6KA3/RSK2: phosphorylation in osteoblasts enhances transactivation activity and promotes expression of osteoblast-specific genes and post-transcriptionally regulates the synthesis of Type I collagen, the main constituent of the bone matrix. Cooperates with FOXO1 in osteoblasts to regulate glucose homeostasis through suppression of beta-cell production and decrease in insulin production. Activates transcription of SIRT4. Regulates the circadian expression of the core clock component PER2 and the serotonin transporter SLC6A4. Binds in a circadian time-dependent manner to the cAMP response elements (CRE) in the SLC6A4 and PER2 promoters and periodically activates the transcription of these genes. Mainly acts as a transcriptional activator in cellular stress adaptation, but it can also act as a transcriptional repressor: acts as a regulator of synaptic plasticity by repressing transcription, thereby inhibiting induction and maintenance of long-term memory. Regulates synaptic functions via interaction with DISC1 in neurons, which inhibits ATF4 transcription factor activity by disrupting ATF4 dimerization and DNA-binding.
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