目录号 | 产品详情 | 靶点 | |
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T5458 | Endothelin Receptor | ||
Darusentan (Lu-135252) 是内皮素受体 A (ET-A) 受体选择性拮抗剂,能够作用于 ET-A 受体(Ki:1.4 nM)及ET-B 受体(Ki:184 nM),对 ETA 受体的选择性大于 ETB 受体的100以上。它在大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞膜中竞争结合放射性标记的内皮素(Ki:13 nM)。 | |||
TN1969 | PDGFR | ||
N-(p-Coumaroyl) Serotonin 是从红花种子中分离出来的多酚,具有抗氧化、抗动脉粥样硬化和抗炎作用,常用于动脉粥样硬化的研究。它可改善动脉粥样硬化和主动脉壁膨大。它可降低肌浆网中 PDGF 诱导的对中PDGFR 酪氨酸磷酸化和 Ca2+释放的作用。 | |||
T3965 | GPR Prostaglandin Receptor | ||
Fevipiprant (NVP-QAW039) 是一种选择性、强效、可逆的竞争性 CRTh2 拮抗剂,KD 值为1.1 nM,IC50为0.44 nM,能够引发人体嗜酸性粒细胞的形状变化。 | |||
TQ0003 | PI3K Autophagy | ||
740 Y-P (740YPDGFR) 是一个细胞渗透性PI3K 激活剂。它能结合含有 p85 的 N- 和 C- 末端 SH2 结构域的 GST 融合蛋白。 | |||
T7437 | Others Endogenous Metabolite | ||
3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic Acid (m-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid) 是一种黄酮类代谢产物,由人体微生物区系形成,具有舒张血管的特性。 | |||
T13475 | Others Endogenous Metabolite | ||
β-Aminopropionitrile (3-Aminopropionitrile) 是赖氨酰氧化酶的特异性抑制剂。 | |||
T6991 | Guanylate cyclase Autophagy | ||
Nitroprusside disodium dihydrate (Sodium Nitroprusside Dihydrate) 是一种血管扩张剂,通过在血液中自发释放 NO 发挥作用。它可在谷胱甘肽耗竭的成骨细胞中诱导自噬,用于急性高血压和心力衰竭的研究。 | |||
T10101 | Others Calcium Channel | ||
Calcium channel-modulator-1是钙离子通道调节剂(IC50:0.8 μM),具有阻塞主动脉收缩的专业化。 | |||
T33868 | |||
Palmitoyl glutamic acid (N-Palmitoyl-L-glutamic acid) 是一种酰基氨基酸,可阻断主动脉收缩,可拮抗由氟哌啶醇诱发的口腔运动障碍。Palmitoyl glutamic acid 常常添加在化妆品中。 | |||
TQ0057 | Others | ||
AVE 0991 是血管紧张素-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] 的非肽类似物,是一种具有口服活性的 Mas 激动剂,对 [125I]-Ang-(1-7) 结合到牛主动脉内皮细胞膜有抑制作用,通过增强自噬来抑制星形胶质细胞介导的阿尔茨海默病神经炎症。 |
目录号 | 产品名/同用名 | 种属 | 表达系统 | ||
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TMPJ-00258 | TGF beta 2 Protein, Human, Recombinant | Human | Human Cells | ||
Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-beta family. It is known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development. The precursor is cleaved into mature TGF-beta-2 and LAP, which remains non-covalently linked to mature TGF-beta-2 rendering it inactive. It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. Defects in TGFB2 may be a cause of non-syndromic aortic disease (NSAD).
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TMPY-02836 | MFGE8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
MFG-E8, also known as lactadherin and MFGE8, contains 1 EGF-like domain and 2 F5/8 type C domains. It also contains phosphatidylserine (PS) binding domain, as well as an Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid motif, which enables the binding to integrins. It binds PS, which is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. MFG-E8 is expressed in mammary epithelial cell surfaces and aortic media. Overexpression of MFG-E8 can be found in several carcinomas. MFG-E8 has opsonization of the apoptotic cells and binding to integrins on the surface of phagocytic cells. It also mediates the engulfment of the dead cell. MFG-E8 plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the promotion of mucosal healing. It promotes VEGF-dependent neovascularization and contributes to the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells in many tissues. It also binds to phosphatidylserine-enriched cell surfaces in a receptor-independent manner.
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TMPY-05157 | TGFBR2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
TGFBR2 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and the TGFB receptor subfamily. It is a transmembrane protein. TGFBR2 is comprised of a C-terminal protein kinase domain and an N-terminal ectodomain. The ectodomain consists of a compact fold containing nine beta-strands and a single helix stabilized by a network of six intra strand disulfide bonds. The folding topology includes a central five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, eight-residues long at its centre, covered by a second layer consisting of two segments of two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheets. TGFBR2 has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with another receptor protein, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a subset of genes related to cell proliferation. Mutations in TGFBR2 gene have been associated with Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. TGFBR2 attenuates the biological activities of TGF-beta in colorectal cancer. TGFBR2 expression is increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Its expression is decreased by IL-1beta while inducing Sp3 via NFkappaB. TGFB2 and TGFBR2 are involved in the antiestrogenic activity.
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TMPY-03052 | MFAP5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
MFAP5 (Microfibril Associated Protein 5, also known as MAGP2) is a Protein Coding gene. MFAP5 is a component of the elastin-associated microfibrils. It belongs to the MFAP family. As a 25-kD microfibril-associated glycoprotein, MFAP5 is rich in serine and threonine residues. It stimulates the assembly of elastic fibers, a complex structure composed of a tropoelastin inner core and microfibril outer mantle comprising proteins such as fibrillins and microfibril-associated glycoproteins that guide tropoelastin deposition. MFAP5 also stabilizes type 1 procollagen and thus plays an important role in extracellular matrix homeostasis. It has multiple binding regions on fibrillins and has a covalent periodic association with fibrillin-containing microfibrils. Diseases associated with MFAP5 include Aortic Aneurysm, Familial Thoracic 9, and Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm And Aortic Dissection.
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TMPY-00510 | FKBP11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
FKBP11 serve as biomarker and/or therapeutic target for Acute aortic dissection (AAD). FKBP11 during the development of HCC and FKBP11 has the potential to be an early marker for HCC.
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TMPH-03028 | HMW3 Protein, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | E. coli | ||
Responsible for the post-translational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin. Regulator of Ras expression. May play a role in tumor suppression. Plays a role in the aortic wall architecture.
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TMPH-02575 | PDE5A Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) | Mouse | E. coli | ||
Responsible for the post-translational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin. Regulator of Ras expression. May play a role in tumor suppression. Plays a role in the aortic wall architecture.
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TMPY-03351 | LOX-1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) | Cynomolgus | HEK293 | ||
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1 or OLR1), also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1), is a receptor protein that belongs to the C-type lectin superfamily. LOX1 is a multi-ligand receptor originally identified as the endothelial oxidized LDL receptor. OLR1 / LOX1 was isolated from an aortic endothelial cell, and recently it has been discovered in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells in artery vessels. The expression of LOX1 is induced by inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stimuli. This protein binds, internalizes, and degrades oxidized low-density lipoprotein. LOX1 may play an important role in the progression of vulnerable carotid plaque and might regulate vulnerable plaque formation in cooperation with MMPs and TIMP-2. In clinical, LOX1 is thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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TMPY-04471 | APEG1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | E. coli | ||
Striated muscle preferentially expressed protein kinase, also known as aortic preferentially expressed protein 1, APEG-1, SPEG and KIAA1297, is a protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily and CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SPEG / APEG-1 contains two fibronectin type-III domains, nine Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains, two protein kinase domains. Isoform 1 of SPEG is preferentially expressed in striated muscle. Non-kinase form such as isoform 3 of SPEG is predominantly expressed in the aorta. Isoform 3 of SPEG appears to be expressed only in highly differentiated ASMC in normal vessel walls and down-regulated in dedifferentiated ASMC. Isoform 3 of SPEG may have a role in regulating the growth and differentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells. Isoform 3 of SPEG is quickly down-regulated in response to vascular injury, when ASMC cells change from a quiescent to a proliferative phenotype.
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TMPY-04066 | LOX-1 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) | Rat | HEK293 | ||
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1 or OLR1), also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1), is a receptor protein that belongs to the C-type lectin superfamily. LOX1 is a multi-ligand receptor originally identified as the endothelial oxidized LDL receptor. OLR1 / LOX1 was isolated from an aortic endothelial cell, and recently it has been discovered in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells in artery vessels. The expression of LOX1 is induced by inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stimuli. This protein binds, internalizes, and degrades oxidized low-density lipoprotein. LOX1 may play an important role in the progression of vulnerable carotid plaque and might regulate vulnerable plaque formation in cooperation with MMPs and TIMP-2. In clinical, LOX1 is thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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TMPY-03371 | LOX-1 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (hFc) | Rat | HEK293 | ||
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1 or OLR1), also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1), is a receptor protein that belongs to the C-type lectin superfamily. LOX1 is a multi-ligand receptor originally identified as the endothelial oxidized LDL receptor. OLR1 / LOX1 was isolated from an aortic endothelial cell, and recently it has been discovered in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells in artery vessels. The expression of LOX1 is induced by inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stimuli. This protein binds, internalizes, and degrades oxidized low-density lipoprotein. LOX1 may play an important role in the progression of vulnerable carotid plaque and might regulate vulnerable plaque formation in cooperation with MMPs and TIMP-2. In clinical, LOX1 is thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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TMPY-02490 | LOX-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1 or OLR1), also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1), is a receptor protein that belongs to the C-type lectin superfamily. LOX1 is a multi-ligand receptor originally identified as the endothelial oxidized LDL receptor. OLR1 / LOX1 was isolated from an aortic endothelial cell, and recently it has been discovered in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells in artery vessels. The expression of LOX1 is induced by inflammatory stimuli and oxidative stimuli. This protein binds, internalizes, and degrades oxidized low-density lipoprotein. LOX1 may play an important role in the progression of vulnerable carotid plaque and might regulate vulnerable plaque formation in cooperation with MMPs and TIMP-2. In clinical, LOX1 is thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerotic lesions.
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TMPY-05235 | MFGE8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
MFG-E8, also known as lactadherin and MFGE8, contains 1 EGF-like domain and 2 F5/8 type C domains. It also contains phosphatidylserine (PS) binding domain, as well as an Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid motif, which enables the binding to integrins. It binds PS, which is exposed on the surface of apoptotic cells. MFG-E8 is expressed in mammary epithelial cell surfaces and aortic media. Overexpression of MFG-E8 can be found in several carcinomas. MFG-E8 has opsonization of the apoptotic cells and binding to integrins on the surface of phagocytic cells. It also mediates the engulfment of the dead cell. MFG-E8 plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the promotion of mucosal healing. It promotes VEGF-dependent neovascularization and contributes to the phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells in many tissues. It also binds to phosphatidylserine-enriched cell surfaces in a receptor-independent manner.
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TMPY-01577 | ORP150 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Hypoxia up-regulated protein 1, also known as 15 kDa oxygen-regulated protein, 17 kDa glucose-regulated protein, ORP-15, GRP-17, and HYOU1, is a member of the heat shock protein 7 family. Seven members from four different heat shock protein (HSP) families were identified including HYOU1 (ORP15), HSPC1 (HSP86), HSPA5 (Bip), HSPD1 (HSP6), and several isoforms of the two testis-specific HSP7 chaperones HSPA2 and HSPA1L. HYOU1 is highly expressed in tissues that contain well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize large amounts of secretory proteins. It is highly expressed in the liver and pancreas. HYOU1 is also expressed in macrophages within aortic atherosclerotic plaques and in breast cancers. HYOU1 has a pivotal role in cytoprotective cellular mechanisms triggered by oxygen deprivation. It may play a role as a molecular chaperone and participate in protein folding. Suppression of HYOU1 is associated with accelerated apoptosis. It is suggested to have an important cytoprotective role in hypoxia-induced cellular perturbation. This protein is up-regulated in tumors, especially in breast tumors, and thus it is associated with tumor invasiveness.
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TMPY-01910 | TIE1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1 also known as Tie1 is an angiopoietin receptor and is an orphan receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed almost exclusively in endothelial cells and that is required for normal embryonic vascular development. The receptor tyrosine kinase Tie1 is expressed primarily in vascular endothelial cells. The receptor has also been detected in epithelial tumours in breast, thyroid and gastric cancers and in tumour cell lines where it appears as a 45 kDa truncated receptor fragment. Tie1 promotes endothelial cell survival, but other studies have suggested that the Tie1 kinase has little to no activity. Embryos deficient in Tie1 failed to establish structural integrity of vascular endothelial cells, resulting in oedema and subsequently localized haemorrhage. Tie1 is significantly higher in human aortic endothelial cells than in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Additionally, attachment of cells of monocytic lineage to endothelial cells is also enhanced by Tie1 expression. Collectively Tie1 has a proinflammatory property and may play a role in endothelial inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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TMPY-03171 | TGFBR2 Protein, Rhesus, Recombinant (hFc) | Rhesus | HEK293 | ||
TGFBR2 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and the TGFB receptor subfamily. It is a transmembrane protein. TGFBR2 is comprised of a C-terminal protein kinase domain and an N-terminal ectodomain. The ectodomain consists of a compact fold containing nine beta-strands and a single helix stabilized by a network of six intra strand disulfide bonds. The folding topology includes a central five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, eight-residues long at its centre, covered by a second layer consisting of two segments of two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheets. TGFBR2 has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with another receptor protein, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a subset of genes related to cell proliferation. Mutations in TGFBR2 gene have been associated with Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. TGFBR2 attenuates the biological activities of TGF-beta in colorectal cancer. TGFBR2 expression is increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Its expression is decreased by IL-1beta while inducing Sp3 via NFkappaB. TGFB2 and TGFBR2 are involved in the antiestrogenic activity.
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TMPY-03082 | TGFBR2 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (hFc) | Rat | HEK293 | ||
TGFBR2 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and the TGFB receptor subfamily. It is a transmembrane protein. TGFBR2 is comprised of a C-terminal protein kinase domain and an N-terminal ectodomain. The ectodomain consists of a compact fold containing nine beta-strands and a single helix stabilized by a network of six intra strand disulfide bonds. The folding topology includes a central five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, eight-residues long at its centre, covered by a second layer consisting of two segments of two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheets. TGFBR2 has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with another receptor protein, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a subset of genes related to cell proliferation. Mutations in TGFBR2 gene have been associated with Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. TGFBR2 attenuates the biological activities of TGF-beta in colorectal cancer. TGFBR2 expression is increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Its expression is decreased by IL-1beta while inducing Sp3 via NFkappaB. TGFB2 and TGFBR2 are involved in the antiestrogenic activity.
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TMPY-05508 | TGFBR2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
TGFBR2 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and the TGFB receptor subfamily. It is a transmembrane protein. TGFBR2 is comprised of a C-terminal protein kinase domain and an N-terminal ectodomain. The ectodomain consists of a compact fold containing nine beta-strands and a single helix stabilized by a network of six intra strand disulfide bonds. The folding topology includes a central five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, eight-residues long at its centre, covered by a second layer consisting of two segments of two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheets. TGFBR2 has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with another receptor protein, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a subset of genes related to cell proliferation. Mutations in TGFBR2 gene have been associated with Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. TGFBR2 attenuates the biological activities of TGF-beta in colorectal cancer. TGFBR2 expression is increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Its expression is decreased by IL-1beta while inducing Sp3 via NFkappaB. TGFB2 and TGFBR2 are involved in the antiestrogenic activity.
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TMPY-05810 | TGFBR2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & hFc), Biotinylated | Human | HEK293 | ||
TGFBR2 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family and the TGFB receptor subfamily. It is a transmembrane protein. TGFBR2 is comprised of a C-terminal protein kinase domain and an N-terminal ectodomain. The ectodomain consists of a compact fold containing nine beta-strands and a single helix stabilized by a network of six intra strand disulfide bonds. The folding topology includes a central five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, eight-residues long at its centre, covered by a second layer consisting of two segments of two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheets. TGFBR2 has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with another receptor protein, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a subset of genes related to cell proliferation. Mutations in TGFBR2 gene have been associated with Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. TGFBR2 attenuates the biological activities of TGF-beta in colorectal cancer. TGFBR2 expression is increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Its expression is decreased by IL-1beta while inducing Sp3 via NFkappaB. TGFB2 and TGFBR2 are involved in the antiestrogenic activity.
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TMPY-04366 | ALK-5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 200-503, His & GST) | Human | Baculovirus-Insect Cells | ||
Transforming growth factor, beta receptor I, also known as Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I , Serine / threonine-protein kinase receptor R4, Activin receptor-like kinase 5, SKR4, ALK-5, and TGFBR1, is a single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily and TGFB receptor subfamily. TGFBR1 / ALK-5 is found in all tissues examined. It is most abundant in placenta and least abundant in brain and heart. TGF-beta functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Administration of TGF-beta is able to protect against mammary tumor development in transgenic mouse models in vivo. Disruption of the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway has been implicated in a variety of human cancers, with the majority of colon and gastric cancers being caused by an inactivating mutation of TGF-beta RII. On ligand binding, TGFBR1 / ALK-5 forms a receptor complex consisting of two type I I and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which auto-phosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. TGF-beta signaling via TGFBR1 / ALK-5 is not required in myocardial cells during mammalian cardiac development, but plays an irreplaceable cell-autonomous role regulating cellular communication, differentiation and proliferation in endocardial and epicardial cells. Defects in TGFBR1 / ALK-5 are the cause of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 1A (LDS1A), Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 2A (LDS2A), and aortic aneurysm familial thoracic type 5 (AAT5).
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TMPY-01358 | ALK-5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & hFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Transforming growth factor, beta receptor I, also known as Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I , Serine / threonine-protein kinase receptor R4, Activin receptor-like kinase 5, SKR4, ALK-5, and TGFBR1, is a single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily and TGFB receptor subfamily. TGFBR1 / ALK-5 is found in all tissues examined. It is most abundant in placenta and least abundant in brain and heart. TGF-beta functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Administration of TGF-beta is able to protect against mammary tumor development in transgenic mouse models in vivo. Disruption of the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway has been implicated in a variety of human cancers, with the majority of colon and gastric cancers being caused by an inactivating mutation of TGF-beta RII. On ligand binding, TGFBR1 / ALK-5 forms a receptor complex consisting of two type I I and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which auto-phosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. TGF-beta signaling via TGFBR1 / ALK-5 is not required in myocardial cells during mammalian cardiac development, but plays an irreplaceable cell-autonomous role regulating cellular communication, differentiation and proliferation in endocardial and epicardial cells. Defects in TGFBR1 / ALK-5 are the cause of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 1A (LDS1A), Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 2A (LDS2A), and aortic aneurysm familial thoracic type 5 (AAT5).
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TMPY-05771 | ALK-5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) | Human | HEK293 | ||
Transforming growth factor, beta receptor I, also known as Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I , Serine / threonine-protein kinase receptor R4, Activin receptor-like kinase 5, SKR4, ALK-5, and TGFBR1, is a single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the protein kinase superfamily and TGFB receptor subfamily. TGFBR1 / ALK-5 is found in all tissues examined. It is most abundant in placenta and least abundant in brain and heart. TGF-beta functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Administration of TGF-beta is able to protect against mammary tumor development in transgenic mouse models in vivo. Disruption of the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway has been implicated in a variety of human cancers, with the majority of colon and gastric cancers being caused by an inactivating mutation of TGF-beta RII. On ligand binding, TGFBR1 / ALK-5 forms a receptor complex consisting of two type I I and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which auto-phosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. TGF-beta signaling via TGFBR1 / ALK-5 is not required in myocardial cells during mammalian cardiac development, but plays an irreplaceable cell-autonomous role regulating cellular communication, differentiation and proliferation in endocardial and epicardial cells. Defects in TGFBR1 / ALK-5 are the cause of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 1A (LDS1A), Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 2A (LDS2A), and aortic aneurysm familial thoracic type 5 (AAT5).
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